Happiness is greater in natural environments
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Individuals from developed nations are spending almost all of their time indoors.
“and, in general, individuals from developed nations are spending almost all of their time indoors (Evans and McCoy, 1998; MacKerron and Mourato, 2013).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as MacKerron and Mourato, 2013
Cites
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454 · see citing works
A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
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High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being
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“As one might expect, answers across the three categories of SWB or happiness tend to be positively correlated – and also related to wellbeing according to the other two broad accounts – but they may respond differentially to different external factors, such as income (Kahneman and Deaton, 2010).”
BackgroundA wandering mind is an unhappy mind
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192439 · Cited by 2,575 · see citing works
Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
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Kaplan, R. (2001) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139160121973115 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for use by National Governments
DOLAN, P., & METCALFE, R. (2012) · Journal of Social Policy · doi:10.1017/s0047279411000833 · Cited by 404 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Dolan and Metcalfe (2012) provide a useful summary, distinguishing three broad accounts: objective lists, in which wellbeing is the fulfilment of a fixed set of material, psychological and social needs, identified exogenously; preference satisfaction, the standard economic view, in which wellbeing consists in the free…”
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“Given that people are spending the vast majority of their time indoors (Evans and McCoy, 1998; MacKerron and Mourato, 2013) and the increasing urbanization of the world's population (United Nations Population Division, 2002), many of us may be missing out on the beneficial effects of connecting to…”
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- Authors
- MacKerron, G., & Mourato, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Corresponding author
- MacKerron, George
- Venue
- Global Environmental Change
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 992-1000
- ISSN
- 0959-3780 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134742852
- Cited by
- 899
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 24.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Environmental Change (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (PTA-031-2006-00280)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- subjective well-being, happiness, natural environment, green spaces, land cover, urban-rural differences, ecological momentary assessment, mobile application, GPS location data, within-person variability
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