Rapid and stable mobilization of CD8+ T cells by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines 1–3 mediate protection from severe disease as early as ten days after prime vaccination 3 , when neutralizing antibodies are hardly detectable 4–6 . Vaccine-induced CD8 + T cells may therefore be the main mediators of protection at this early stage 7,8 . The details of their induction, comparison to natural infection, and association with other arms of vaccine-induced immunity remain, however, incompletely understood. Here we show on a single-epitope level that a stable and fully functional CD8 + T cell response is vigorously mobilized one week after prime vaccination with bnt162b2, when circulating CD4 + T cells and neutralizing antibodies are still weakly detectable. Boost vaccination induced a robust expansion that generated highly differentiated effector CD8 + T cells; however, neither the functional capacity nor the memory precursor T cell pool was affected. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced early memory T cells exhibited similar functional capacities but a different subset distribution. Our results indicate that CD8 + T cells are important effector cells, are expanded in the early protection window after prime vaccination, precede maturation of other effector arms of vaccine-induced immunity and are stably maintained after boost vaccination.
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The majority of COVID-19 vaccines evoke humoral and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; these responses may not prevent infection but robustly protect against severe COVID-19 for certain periods of time.
“The majority of COVID-19 vaccines are designed to evoke humoral and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein — responses that may not prevent infection but robustly protect against severe COVID-19, at least for certain periods of time11,150–157.”
From COVID-19 and cellular senescence (2023) · cites this paper as [154]
mRNA vaccination generates spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
“mRNA vaccination has also been shown to generate spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (19–22).”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination efficiently primed antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
“Consistent with recent studies, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination efficiently primed antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 5, C and D) (20–22).”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Oberhardt, V., Luxenburger, H., Kemming, J., Schulien, I., Ciminski, K., Giese, S., Csernalabics, B., Lang-Meli, J., Janowska, I., Staniek, J., Wild, K., Basho, K., Marinescu, M. S., Fuchs, J., Topfstedt, F., Janda, A., Sogukpinar, O., Hilger, H., Stete, K., Emmerich, F., Bengsch, B., Waller, C. F., Rieg, S., Sagar, Boettler, T., Zoldan, K., Kochs, G., Schwemmle, M., Rizzi, M., Thimme, R., Neumann-Haefelin, C., & Hofmann, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Thimme, Robert
- Hofmann, Maike
- ORCID
- Luxenburger, Hendrik
- Kemming, Janine
- Ciminski, Kevin
- Giese, Sebastian
- Lang-Meli, Julia
- Janowska, Iga
- Staniek, Julian
- Fuchs, Jonas
- Janda, Ales
- Emmerich, Florian
- Bengsch, Bertram
- Waller, Cornelius F.
- Rieg, Siegbert
- Boettler, Tobias
- Kochs, Georg
- Schwemmle, Martin
- Rizzi, Marta
- Thimme, Robert
- Neumann-Haefelin, Christoph
- Hofmann, Maike
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-07-28
- Volume
- 597
- Issue
- 7875
- Pages
- 268-273
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8426185
- OpenAlex
- W3183161080
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 43
- FWCI
- 25.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (256073931, Project A06, 272983813, TRR179, CRC 1160)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KI2077)
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Medizinische Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2, CD8+ T cells, T cell mobilization, memory T cells, effector T cells, T cell differentiation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, mRNA Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Antibodies, Viral, B-Lymphocytes, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Immunologic Memory, Time Factors, Vaccination, Vaccines, Synthetic, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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