Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions
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One or more of the presences is related to student satisfaction and sense of community.
“Research has supported the relationship between one or more of the presences and perceived learner support and perceived learning (Akyol & Garrison, 2014; Arbaugh, 2008); student satisfaction and sense of community (Garrison, 2007); and higher order learning outcomes (Akyol & Garrison, 2011).”
From Measuring Student Engagement in the Online Course: The Online Student Engagement Scale (OSE) (2015) · cites this paper as Garrison, 2007
Cites
Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6 · Cited by 6,619 · see citing works
Self-citationASSESSING TEACHING PRESENCE IN A COMPUTER CONFERENCING CONTEXT
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, R., & Archer, W. (2001) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v5i2.1875 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Shea, P., Sau Li, C., & Pickett, A. (2006) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.06.005 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
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Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S. R., Garrison, D. R., Ice, P., Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2008) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.003 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Student Engagement in the Online Course: The Online Student Engagement Scale (OSE)
Dixson, M. D. (2015) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v19i4.561 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
“…an effective community of learners: social presence, teaching presence, and cognitive presence (Akyol & Garrison, 2011; Akyol & Garrison, 2014; Annand, 2011; Garrison, 2007; Arbaugh, 2008; Garrison & Anderson, 2003; Garrison & Arbaugh, 2007; Shea et al., 2010; Stodel, Thompson, & MacDonald, 2006).”
BackgroundShea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.10.007 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Computer-based technology and student engagement: a critical review of the literature
Schindler, L. A., Burkholder, G. J., Morad, O. A., & Marsh, C. (2017) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-017-0063-0 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Learning analytics to unveil learning strategies in a flipped classroom
Jovanović, J., Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Pardo, A., & Mirriahi, N. (2017) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.02.001 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Designing a Community of Inquiry in Online Courses
(2020) · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v20i5.3985 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Social presence within the community of inquiry framework
Annand, D. (2011) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v12i5.924 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Conceptualizing and investigating instructor presence in online learning environments
Richardson, J. C., Koehler, A. A., Besser, E. D., Caskurlu, S., Lim, J., & Mueller, C. M. (2015) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.2123 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Liu, W., Jiang, M., Li, W., & Mou, J. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123407 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Why college students procrastinate in online courses: A self-regulated learning perspective
Cheng, S.-L., & Xie, K. (2021) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2021.100807 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Gamification Elements in Blended Learning Environments
MESE, C., & DURSUN, O. O. (2019) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.601914 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Caskurlu, S. (2018) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.05.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hsiao, J.-C., & Chang, J. S. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2207187 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
d’Alessio, M. A., Lundquist, L. L., Schwartz, J. J., Pedone, V., Pavia, J., & Fleck, J. (2019) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.1080/10899995.2019.1580179 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Volchok, E. (2019) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2018.1556134 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sammel, A., Weir, K., & Klopper, C. (2014) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2014.52017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yallop, R. M. A., Taremaa, P., & Leijen, D. A. J. (2021) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2021.12.03.02 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maher, D. (2021) · Social Education Research · doi:10.37256/ser.2220211062 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Academic Coaching in Entry-level Doctor of Physical Therapy Education
Black, K., Feda, J., Reynolds, B., Cutrone, G., & Gagnon, K. (2025) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/jte.0000000000000378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garrison, D. Randy
- Venue
- The Internet and Higher Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 157-172
- ISSN
- 1096-7516 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167811808
- Cited by
- 1,653
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 139.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Internet and Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- Community of Inquiry framework, social presence, teaching presence, cognitive presence, online learning, critical inquiry, computer conferencing, higher education
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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