Biocompatible composites based on alginate, polycaprolactone, and nanocellulose - A review
Abstract
Biocompatible composite materials are gaining attention for biomedical applications due to their biodegradability, mechanical strength, and tunability. The fabrication techniques and applications significantly impact composite performance. This paper explores the synthesis of composites from alginate, polycaprolactone (PCL), and nanocellulose, emphasizing their distinct properties for biomedical use. Alginate provides excellent biocompatibility and gelling ability, PCL offers controlled mechanical strength, and nanocellulose enhances stability due to its superior mechanical properties. Key fabrication techniques include solution mixing, hot pressing, melt mixing/extrusion, electrospinning, and 3D printing, each influencing structural integrity, mechanical properties, and material dispersion. Optimizing fabrication methods is crucial for achieve desirable properties in specific applications. The choice of synthesis technique directly affects the final use, such as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, or wound dressings. This review discusses the challenges and prospects of developing alginate-, PCL-, and nanocellulose-based composites, offering insights into their future biomedical applications.
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PCL typically exhibits moderate tensile strength of 10-40 MPa and elongation at break up to 600%, depending on molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, and processing conditions.
“PCL typically exhibits moderate tensile strength (10–40 MPa) and remarkable elongation at break (up to 600%), depending on the molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, and the processing conditions [32,48]”
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Technical development and application of supercritical CO2 foaming technology in PCL foam production
Zhou, Y., Tian, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57545-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Advancements in Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Focused Review
Welsh, B. L., & Sikder, P. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.35520 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Golunova, A. S., Velychkivska, N., Mikšovská, Z., Chochola, V., Jaroš, J., Hampl, A., Pop‐Georgievski, O., & Proks, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115731 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Jeon, H., Kim, M.-S., Park, S. B., Kim, S., Lee, M., Park, S.-A., Hwang, S. Y., Koo, J. M., Oh, D. X., & Park, J. (2023) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-023-05615-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Han, K., Cheng, Y., Han, Q., & Chen, J. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137253 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Thiolated sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol/hydroxyapatite nanohybrid for bone tissue engineering
Bhagyasree, K., Mukherjee, D., Azamthulla, M., Debnath, S., Sundar, L. M., Hulikal, S., Teja, B. V., Bhatt, S., & Kamnoore, D. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103813 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wu, J., Yang, R., Zheng, J., Pan, L., & Liu, X. (2019) · Micro & Nano Letters · doi:10.1049/mnl.2018.5806 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Preparation of Nanocellulose Bioplastic with a Gradation Color of Red and Yellow
Nasihin, Z. D., Masruri, M., Warsito, W., & Srihardyastutie, A. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/833/1/012078 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Synthesis of cellulose acetate from palm oil bunches and dried jackfruit leaves
Tristantini, D., & Sandra, C. (2018) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20186704035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hu, S., Yi, Y., Ye, C., Liu, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · International Journal of Bioprinting · doi:10.18063/ijb.761 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Review of alginate-based composites for 3D printing material
Bukit, B. F., Syamani, F. A., Rochima, E., Panatarani, C., Widiyastuti, W., Praseptiangga, D., Nazir, N., Nurhamiyah, Y., & Agustina, S. (2024) · Polymers from Renewable Resources · doi:10.1177/20412479241227137 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationComposite-composite Adhesion as a Function of Adhesive-composite Material and Surface Treatment
Ritter, A., Sulaiman, T., Altitinchi, A., Bair, E., Baratto‐Filho, F., Gonzaga, C. C., & Correr, G. M. (2018) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/18-037-l · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tavares, M. I. B., da Silva, E. O., da Silva, P. S. R. C., & de Menezes, L. R. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68142 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Jiang, W., & Han, G. (2018) · Textile Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0040517518809041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Novel Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Calcium Alginate Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering
Molina, M. I. E., Chen, C., Martinez, J., Tran, P., & Komvopoulos, K. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16010136 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aprilia, N. A. S., Mulyati, S., Alam, P. N., Karmila, K., & Ambarita, A. C. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/345/1/012033 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Isolation and quantification of alginate in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents
Reynaga-Navarro, W., Wijffels, R. H., Eppink, M. H. M., & Kazbar, A. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130103 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lusiana, S. E., Srihardyastutie, A., & Masruri, M. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1374/1/012023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ng, K. M. P., Tan, I. S., Foo, H. C. Y., Lau, S. Y., Lam, M. K., & Wong, M. K. (2024) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105774 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Crystallinity of nanocellulose isolated from the flower waste of pine tree (Pinus merkusii)
Aisiyah, M. M., Masruri, M., & Srihardyastutie, A. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/833/1/012003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tolba, E., Salama, A., Saleh, A. K., Maya, I. C., & Guarino, V. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28217305 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Optimization of the Hot Pressing Process for Preparing Flax Fiber/PE Thermoplastic Composite
Wang, Y., Cui, G., Shao, Z., Bao, Y., & Gao, H. (2019) · Mechanical Engineering Science · doi:10.33142/me.v1i1.660 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nanocrystalline cellulose from Arctic brown algae Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima
Боголицын, К. Г., Parshina, A., Aleshina, L. A., Prusskii, A. I., Tokko, O., Polomarchuk, D., Богданович, Н. И., & Savrasova, Y. (2024) · Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre · doi:10.1016/j.bcdf.2024.100416 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sonication-Assisted Pine Cone Flower Cellulose Hydrolysis Using Formic Acid
Zakiyya, U. U., ‘Uyunin, Masruri, M., Ningsih, Z., & Srihardyastutie, A. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/833/1/012001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maghfirah, A., Fahma, F., Lisdayana, N., Yunus, M., Kusumaatmaja, A., & Kadja, G. T. M. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.22146/ijc.67881 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ColMA/PEGDA Bioink for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing in Biomedical EngineeringPreprint
Chen, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523134 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dibha, A. F., Masruri, M., & Srihardyastutie, A. (2023) · Indonesian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.22146/ijc.75520 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Alginate Extracted from Sargassum sp
Irianto, H. E., Giyatmi, G., Fransiska, D., & Nuraelah, A. (2023) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1177/1/012029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBiocellulose isolated from the waste of pinecone flower (Pinus merkusii Jungh Et De Vriese)
Lusiana, S. E., Aisiyah, M. M., 'Uyunin, U. Z., Nasihin, Z. D., Srihardyastutie, A., Rahman, M. F., & Masruri, M. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1374/1/012022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nanocellulose as Sustainable Bio-Nanomaterial for Packaging and Biomedical Applications
Shanmugam, K., Chandrasekar, N., & Balaji, R. (2024) · Scientific and Social Research · doi:10.26689/ssr.v6i2.6057 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alginate Metal Complexes and Their Application
Alkhayer, G. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98885 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
3D Printed Organs: A New Frontier in Medical Technology
George, A. S. H., George, D. A. S., Dr.T.Baskar, & Shahul, A. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8076964 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 131 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advanced bioactive materials and strategies for tendon repair and function restoration
Wang, S., Ou, Z., Xiao, F., Feng, X., Tan, L., Cheng, S., Wu, D., Yang, C., & Yao, H. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2025.08.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., Pérez Camargo, R. A., & Motloung, B. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18225172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ikhtiarini, N., Priyadi, D. A., Widyawati, Y., Fransiska, D., Sinurat, E., Rochima, E., Ismadi, I., Purnomo, D., Subiyanto, B., Juliadmi, D., et al. (2025) · Polymer Composites · doi:10.1002/pc.70624 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, S., Oh, D. X., & Park, J. (2026) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-026-06982-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Georgin, J., Franco, D. S. P., Karmil, F. Z., Yılmazoğlu, M., Okkay, H., Al-Msiedeen, A. M., Messaoudi, N. E., & Knani, S. (2026) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2026.109932 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Plastic biodegradation by native microbes: Realistic prospect or just a dream?
Kosiorowska, K. E., Żarska, M. J., Tomczyk, K., Mierzejewski, P. A., Małecki, J., Dybka, J. A., Jasiak, M. D., Gudz, R., & Urbanek, A. K. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kardiman, Gunawarman, G., Yetri, Y., Syamani, F. A., Widianto, E., Umam, H. I., Juliadmi, D., Subiyanto, B., Ikhtiarini, N., Senopati, G., et al. (2026) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2026.132592 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, C., Wu, B., Cui, C., Min, P., Meng, X., Sun, Y., Wen, K., Feng, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., et al. (2026) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkaf067
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Challenges and solutions in processing of nanocellulose and its composites
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Masruri, M. (2026) · Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences · doi:10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.3.12
Ikhtiarini, N., Juliadmi, D., Rochima, E., Arivendan, A., & Syamani, F. A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7182545
Self-citationLang, Z., Shi, Y., Guo, X., Long, X., Zhu, S., Chen, T., Li, C., Zhao, L., Si, T., & Zhu, Z. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.71489
Advances in collagen-based materials for tissue-engineered meniscus
Sun, Y., Li, J., Zhang, X., Zhan, X., Wen, Y., Li, X., Liang, J., Chen, Y., Fan, Y., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Collagen and Leather · doi:10.1186/s42825-026-00253-w
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Teixeira, A. F., Kochi, L. T., Via, A. C. D. L., Rojas, J. E. U., de Araújo, D. R., Alves, W. A., & Nascimento, A. L. T. O. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18192327
Firdaus, A. H. M., Habib, A., Jailani, A., Sapuan, S. M., Siddiqui, V. U., Atiqah, A., & Zainudin, E. S. (2026) · Cellulose · doi:10.1007/s10570-026-07196-9
Nanocellulose-based 3D printing inks: From material design to biomedical applications
Sheng, M., Yang, C., Yang, B., Duan, G., Xiaoshuai, H., Zhang, C., He, S., & Jiang, S. (2026) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125971
- Authors
- Ikhtiarini, N., Kamil, M. Z., Bukit, B. F., Juliadmi, D., Prasetiyo, K. W., Fransiska, D., Sedayu, B. B., Subiyanto, B., Sulastiningsih, I. M., Rochima, E., Arivendan, A., & Syamani, F. A.
- Affiliations
- National Research and Innovation Agency (ID)
- University of Indonesia (ID)
- Universitas Quality (ID)
- Padjadjaran University (ID)
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Syamani, Firda Aulya
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- Pt 1
- Pages
- 143423
- ISSN
- 0141-8130 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409661800
- Semantic Scholar
- 84fa5fcc974f02dc82d3255a652649258e7ae65b
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (20/III.10/HK/2024)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- alginate, polycaprolactone, nanocellulose, biocompatible composites, biodegradable polymers, composite fabrication techniques, electrospinning, 3D printing, melt blending, hot pressing, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery systems, wound dressings, mechanical properties
- MeSH terms
- Alginates, Biocompatible Materials, Cellulose, Humans, Polyesters, Tissue Engineering, Nanocomposites, Tissue Scaffolds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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