Characterization of the bacterial biodiversity in Pico cheese (an artisanal Azorean food)
Abstract
This work presents the first study on the bacterial communities in Pico cheese, a traditional cheese of the Azores (Portugal), made from raw cow's milk. Pyrosequencing of tagged amplicons of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA and Operational Taxonomic Unit-based (OTU-based) analysis were applied to obtain an overall idea of the microbiota in Pico cheese and to elucidate possible differences between cheese-makers (A, B and C) and maturation times. Pyrosequencing revealed a high bacterial diversity in Pico cheese. Four phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and 54 genera were identified. The predominant genus was Lactococcus (77% of the sequences). Sequences belonging to major cheese-borne pathogens were not found. Staphylococcus accounted for 0.5% of the sequences. Significant differences in bacterial community composition were observed between cheese-maker B and the other two units that participated in the study. However, OTU analysis identified a set of taxa (Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Pantoea and unclassified genera belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family) that would represent the core components of artisanal Pico cheese microbiota. A diverse bacterial community was present at early maturation, with an increase in the number of phylotypes up to 2 weeks, followed by a decrease at the end of ripening. The most remarkable trend in abundance patterns throughout ripening was an increase in the number of sequences belonging to the Lactobacillus genus, with a concomitant decrease in Acinetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas. Microbial rank abundance curves showed that Pico cheese's bacterial communities are characterized by a few dominant taxa and many low-abundance, highly diverse taxa that integrate the so-called "rare biosphere".
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In some artisanal cheeses, indigenous LAB from milk are used for acid production in the first steps of cheese making without added starter cultures.
“In some artisanal cheeses, indigenous LAB from milk are used for the production of acid in the first steps of cheese making, without the need to add starter cultures [11].”
From Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw-Milk Cheeses: From Starter Cultures to Probiotic Functions (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Biolcati, F., Andrighetto, C., Bottero, M. T., & Dalmasso, A. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17451 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Castellanos-Rozo, J., Pulido, R. P., Burgos, M. J. G., López, R. L., & Gálvez, A. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020218 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Furthermore, HTS studies can also provide information on adventitious or previously overlooked microbiota or the presence of pathogenic or spoilage bacteria in the cheese and dairy environment [2,3,11,14,20,21].”
BackgroundSerra da Estrela PDO Cheese Microbiome as Revealed by Next Generation Sequencing
Rocha, R., Vaz‐Velho, M., Santos, J., & Fernandes, P. A. D. C. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wen, R., Lv, Y., Li, X.-A., Chen, Q., & Kong, B. (2020) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108348 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bacterial Diversity in Chinese Rushan Cheese From Different Geographical Origins
Xue, J., Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., & Shao, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01920 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bacterial community diversity of yak milk dreg collected from Nyingchi region of Tibet, China
Chi, F., Tan, Z., Gu, X., Yang, L., & Luo, Z. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111308 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aldrete-Tapia, J. A., Escobar-Ramírez, C. M., Tamplin, M. L., & Hernández‐Iturriaga, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02598 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Câmara, S. P. D. A. E., Dapkevicius, A., Silva, C. C. G., Malcata, F. X., & Dapkevicius, M. D. L. E. (2020) · Food Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/08905436.2019.1710844 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“sequences obtained by pyrosequencing of tagged amplicons of the V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene (Riquelme et al. 2015), whereas presumptive counts in KF Agar ranged from 7.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Insight into Goat Cheese: The Tales of Artisanal and Industrial Gidotyri Microbiota
Nelli, A., Venardou, B., Skoufos, I., Voidarou, C. C., Lagkouvardos, I., & Tzora, A. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11010123 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The observed phyla with the predominance of Firmicutes has been observed in a variety of cheese types [4,23,38,46,49,50].”
BackgroundCulture-independent bacterial community profiling of carbon dioxide treated raw milk
Lo, R., Turner, M. S., Weeks, M., & Bansal, N. (2016) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…including raw and pasteurised milk and various types of cheese (Aldrete-Tapia et al., 2014; de Filippis et al., 2014; de Pasquale et al., 2014; Ercolini et al., 2012; Guidone et al., 2016; Masoud et al., 2011; Masoud et al., 2012; Quigley et al., 2013a; Quigley et al., 2012; Riquelme et al., 2015).”
Backgroundde Paula, A. C. L., Medeiros, J. D., Fernandes, G. D. R., da Silva, V. L., & Diniz, C. G. (2020) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110791 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Oh, N. S., Joung, J. Y., Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. H., & Kim, Y. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02689 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Serrano, S., Morais, S., & Semedo‐Lemsaddek, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Industrial Microbiology · doi:10.3389/finmi.2024.1420042 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cauchie, E., Gand, M., Kergourlay, G., Taminiau, B., Delhalle, L., Korsak, N., & Daube, G. (2016) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lo, R., Xue, T., Weeks, M., Turner, M. S., & Bansal, N. (2015) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Pyrosequencing has been used in a large number of recent studies in which the microbial communities of dairy products were characterised, including raw and pasteurised milk and various types of cheese (Aldrete-Tapia et al., 2014; de Filippis et al., 2014; de Pasquale et al., 2014; Ercolini et al., 2012; Guidone et al.…”
BackgroundMethodDistinct Bacterial Communities in São Jorge Cheese with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Coelho, M. C., Malcata, F. X., & Silva, C. C. G. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12050990 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In studies using culture-independent methods, this genus was not found expressively in the microbiota of ripening cheeses [10,17,29].”
MethodEcology of Lactobacilli Present in Italian Cheeses Produced from Raw Milk
Milani, C., Fontana, F., Alessandri, G., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G. A., Longhi, G., Anzalone, R., Viappiani, A., Duranti, S., Turroni, F., et al. (2020) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00139-20 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dimov, S. (2021) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12809 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Câmara, S. P. D. A. E., Dapkevicius, A., Rosa, H. J. D., Silva, C. C. G., Malcata, F. X., & Dapkevicius, M. D. L. E. (2017) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12424 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Correlation between the bacterial community and flavour of fermented fish
Wang, J.-L., Zhao, F., Cairang, Z.-M., Li, X.-Y., Kong, J., Zeng, S.-Y., Zhang, M., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods · doi:10.15586/qas.v13i3.908 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“, 2017), and the results showed that Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria (Riquelme et al., 2015).”
Bifidobacterial Distribution Across Italian Cheeses Produced from Raw Milk
Milani, C., Alessandri, G., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G. A., Longhi, G., Anzalone, R., Viappiani, A., Duranti, S., Turroni, F., Ossiprandi, M. C., et al. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7120599 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This methodology has been applied to a range of cheeses, such as Tomme d’Orchies [1], mozzarella [2], Mexican cheeses [3], oscypek (Polish cheese) [4], Croatian cheeses [5], Belgian cheeses [6], Pico cheese (artisanal Azorean food) [7], caciocavallo [8], plaisentif [9] and Italian grana-like cheese [10].”
MethodNonstarter Bacterial Communities in Aged Cheddar Cheese: Patterns on Two Timescales
Johnson, J. D., Selover, B., Curtin, C. D., & Waite-Cusic, J. (2021) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01939-21 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bridier, A. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, J. Y., Joung, J. Y., Choi, Y., Kim, Y., & Oh, N. S. (2016) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.016 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Demirci, T., Göktepe, Ç. K., Öztürk, H. İ., Akın, N., Akyol, İ., & Dertli, E. (2021) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105041 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Câmara, S. P. D. A. E., Dias, C. M., Rocha, L., Dapkevicius, A., Rosa, H. J. D., Borba, A. E. S., Silveira, M. D. G. A., Malcata, F. X., & Dapkevicius, M. D. L. E. (2022) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105294 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Analysis of Microbiota Persistence in Quebec’s Terroir Cheese Using a Metabarcoding Approach
Raymond-Fleury, A., Lessard, M.-H., Chamberland, J., Pouliot, Y., Dugat‐Bony, É., Turgeon, S. L., St‐Gelais, D., & Labrie, S. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071381 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Dairy microbiota have previously been studied using the hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rDNA V1–V3 [10,23,24], V3–V4 [11,25,26], V4 [5–7], V5–V6 [13] and V6–V8 [27], and of the fungal ITS1 [6,7,12] and ITS2 [11,28].”
MethodLéroy, S., Even, S., Micheau, P., Foye, A. D. L., Laroute, V., Loir, Y. L., & Talòn, R. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111807 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xue, Z., & Marco, M. L. (2019) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819972.ch5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Josifovska, S., Posheva, V., Doytchinov, V. V., Papadimitriou, K., Bazukyan, I. L., Gotcheva, V., & Dimov, S. (2023) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103552 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aspri, M., & Tsaltas, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816449-5.00004-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sousa, R. J. M., Ribeiro, S. C., Baptista, J., & Silva, C. C. G. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029923000043 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Compared with the cheeses made from cow milk, Pico cheese had the lowest GABA content, which could be related to its short ripening period, since it does not normally ripen for more than 22 d (Riquelme et al., 2015).”
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PEYNİR ÜRETİMİNDE KULLANILAN STARTER KÜLTÜRLER
Oğuz, Ş., & Andiç, S. (2019) · GIDA / THE JOURNAL OF FOOD · doi:10.15237/gida.gd19121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Proteomics and transcriptomics and their application in fermented foods
Abrahams, A. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98341-9.00033-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Erken Olgunlaşma Dönemindeki Geleneksel Peynir Mikrobiyomunun Metagenomik Analizi
Savaşan, S., & Beyaz, D. (2019) · Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi · doi:10.35864/evmd.586548 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Câmara, S. P. D. A. E., Dias, C. M., Nunes, H. P. B., Martin, R., Pimentel, F., Gomes, J. F., Silveira, M. D. G. A., Rosa, H. J. D., Dapkevicius, A., Borba, A. E. S., et al. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14091487 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Pico cheese maturation is thought to be mainly led by lactococci, which constitute more than 80% of its microbiota [15].”
LAB species and strain identification
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Diversity of Microorganism Towards Ethnic Fermented Food Products and Beverage
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“While several PDO cheeses (e.g., Serra da Estrela [48,49], Pico [50,51], É vora [52] or Serpa [46,53,54]) have been extensively characterized, studies focusing on Azeit ã o and Nisa remain limited, particularly regarding the identification of strains with technological and probiotic potential.”
- Authors
- Riquelme, C., Câmara, S., Enes Dapkevicius, M. D. L. N., Vinuesa, P., da Silva, C. C. G., Malcata, F. X., & Rego, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade dos Açores (PT)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 192
- Pages
- 86-94
- ISSN
- 0168-1605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034620101
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Regional Directorate for Science and Technology of the Regional Government of the Autonomous Region of the Azores (M2.1.2/028/2008-RTF/1)
- Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/AGR-ALI/104385/2008)
- Regional Fund for Science and Technology and Pro-Emprego program of the Regional Government of the Azores (M3.1.2/F/008/2011, M3.1.7/F/013/2011)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Keywords
- cheese microbiota, bacterial diversity, artisanal cheese, cheese ripening, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, rare biosphere
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Azores, Bacteria, Cattle, Cheese, Food Microbiology, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Biodiversity
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