FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Alfirević, Ž., Devane, D., & Gyte, G. M. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006066 · Cited by 1,037

The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects

de Vries, J. I. P., Visser, G. H. A., & Prechtl, H. F. R. (1982) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(82)90033-0 · Cited by 896

Are there behavioural states in the human fetus?

Nijhuis, J. G., Prechtl, H. F. R., Martin, C. B., & Bots, R. S. G. M. (1982) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(82)90106-2 · Cited by 808

Uncertain Value of Electronic Fetal Monitoring in Predicting Cerebral Palsy

Nelson, K. B., Dambrosia, J. M., Ting, T. Y., & Grether, J. K. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199603073341001 · Cited by 530

Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery

O’Mahony, F., Hofmeyr, G. J., & Menon, V. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005455.pub2 · Cited by 352

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Simmons, S. W., Taghizadeh, N., Dennis, A. T., Hughes, D., & Cyna, A. M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003401.pub3 · Cited by 335

The emergence of fetal behaviour. II. Quantitative aspects

de Vries, J. I. P., Visser, G. H. A., & Prechtl, H. F. R. (1985) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(85)90174-4 · Cited by 329

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Neilson, J. P., West, H., & Dowswell, T. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004352.pub3 · Cited by 300

Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation: A meta-analysis

Vintzileos, A. M. (1995) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(94)00320-d · Cited by 273

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Devane, D., Lalor, J., Daly, S., McGuire, W. L., Cuthbert, A., & Smith, V. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005122.pub5 · Cited by 231

Does continuous cardiotocography during labor cause excessive fetal distress diagnosis and unnecessary cesarean sections?

Kale, İ. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1906220 · Cited by 10

The cumulative incidence of neonatal metabolic acidemia after terminal bradycardia in the 2nd stage of labor: a survival-based model

Seidenari, A., Cavoretto, P. I., Carbone, I. F., Germano, C., Iurlaro, E., Gaeta, G., Cetera, G. E., Amodeo, S., Morano, D., Masturzo, B., et al. (2022) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06619-9 · Cited by 10

Accuracy, interpretability and usability study of a wireless self-guided fetal heartbeat monitor compared to cardiotocography

Porter, P., Zhou, H., Schneider, B., Choveaux, J., Bear, N., Della, P. R., & Jones, K. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00714-6 · Cited by 10

Outpatient versus inpatient cervical ripening with a slow‐release dinoprostone vaginal insert in term pregnancies on maternal, neonatal, and birth outcomes: A systematic review

Mazzoli, I., & O’Malley, D. (2022) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12687 · Cited by 10

Detection of Suspicious Cardiotocographic Recordings by Means of a Machine Learning Classifier

Ricciardi, C., Amato, F., Tedesco, A., Dragone, D., Cosentino, C., Ponsiglione, A. M., & Romano, M. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10020252 · Cited by 10

ETCNN: An ensemble transformer-convolutional neural network for automatic analysis of fetal heart rate

Wu, Q., Lu, Y., Kang, X., Wang, H., Zheng, Z., & Bai, J. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106629 · Cited by 10

Progressive Fetal Distress Estimation by Characterization of Fetal Heart Rate Decelerations Response Based on Signal Variability in Cardiotocographic Recordings.

Fuentealba, P., Manríquez, A. I., & Ortmeier, F. (2017) · Computing in cardiology · doi:10.22489/cinc.2017.276-152 · Cited by 10

FHR patterns that become significant in connection with ST waveform changes and metabolic acidosis at birth

Rosén, K. G., Norén, H., & Carlsson, A. (2018) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1462326 · Cited by 10

Recurrent Neural Network Based Classification of Fetal Heart Rate Using Cardiotocograph

Das, S., Mukherjee, H., Obaidullah, S. M., Santosh, K., Roy, K., & Saha, C. K. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9184-2_20 · Cited by 10

Efficient approach for digitization of the cardiotocography signals

Cömert, Z., Şengür, A., Akbulut, Y., Budak, Ü., Kocamaz, A. F., & Bajaj, V. (2019) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.122725 · Cited by 10

Intermittent auscultation (surveillance) of fetal heart rate in labor: a progressive evidence-backed approach with aim to improve methodology, reliability and safety

Sholapurkar, S. L. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1811664 · Cited by 10

Entropy Profiling for Detection of Fetal Arrhythmias in Short Length Fetal Heart Rate Recordings

Keenan, E., Udhayakumar, R. K., Karmakar, C. K., Brownfoot, F., & Palaniswami, M. S. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175892 · Cited by 10

Second trimester cerebroplacental ratio versus umbilicocerebral ratio for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes

Winchester, M., McCarther, N., Cancino, D., Fitzgerald, S., & Parrish, M. R. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1938530 · Cited by 10

Towards an efficient prognostic model for fetal state assessment

Neto, M. G. D. S., Madeiro, J. P. D. V., Marques, J. A. L., & Gomes, D. G. (2021) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110034 · Cited by 10

Differences in the Asymmetry of Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Accelerations and Decelerations at Preterm and Term Active Labor

López-Justo, C., Pliego‐Carrillo, A. C., Ramírez, C. I. L., Zerón, H. M., Peña‐Castillo, M. Á., Echeverría, J. C., Rodríguez-Arce, J., & Lagos, J. J. R. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21248249 · Cited by 10

Practice, skills and experience with the Pinard stethoscope for intrapartum Foetal monitoring: Focus group interviews with Norwegian midwives.

Engelhart, C. H., Nilsen, A. B. V., Pay, A. S. D., Maude, R., Kaasen, A., & Blix, E. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103288 · Cited by 10

Predictive value of fetal scalp pH and base excess for fetal acidosis and poor neonatal outcome

Tsikouras, P. N., Koukouli, Z., Niesigk, B., Manav, B., Farmakides, G., Csorba, R., Galazios, G. C., & Teichmann, A. T. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1365132 · Cited by 10

Estudio comparativo de guías de atención prenatal en Latinoamérica

Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB). Facultad de Medicina Humana, U. R. P., Ramos, V. A. O., Dueñas, N. N. I., Ordoñez, L. V. U., Vela-Ruiz, J. M., Robles, K. J. D., & Gutiérrez, M. D. S. A. (2024) · Revista de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela · doi:10.51288/00840209 · Cited by 9

Performance of five cardiotocography classification templates in labor: a cohort study

Kling, D., Rehnström, M., & Herbst, A. (2024) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2024.2394845 · Cited by 9

Dual-Attention-Based Pipelined Encoder–Decoder Network for Fetal Electrocardiogram Extraction

Samuel, B., & Hota, M. K. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3547126 · Cited by 9

Impact of missing electronic fetal monitoring signals on perinatal asphyxia: a multicohort analysis

Karmakar, D., Mendis, L., Keenan, E., Palaniswami, M. S., Hastie, R. M., Makalic, E., & Brownfoot, F. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01665-4 · Cited by 9

A comparative evaluation of publicly available large language models in the assessment of CTG traces according to the FIGO criteria

Psilopatis, I., Monod, C., Filippi, V., Tschudin, R., Lapaire, O., Emons, J., Mosimann, B., & Zwimpfer, T. A. (2025) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-025-08145-w · Cited by 9

Induction of Labor in Women with Previous Cesarean Section and Unfavorable Cervix: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Germano, C., Mappa, I., Cromi, A., Busato, E., Incerti, M., Lojacono, A., Rizzo, G., Attini, R., Patrizi, L., Revelli, A., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11040543 · Cited by 9

Effect of alternatively designed hospital birthing rooms on the rate of vaginal births: Multicentre randomised controlled trial Be-Up

Ayerle, G. M., Mattern, E., Striebich, S., Oganowski, T., Ocker, R., Haastert, B., Schäfers, R., & Seliger, G. (2023) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2023.02.009 · Cited by 9

Unexpected Uterine Rupture—A Case Report, Review of the Literature and Clinical Suggestions

Flis, W., Socha, M. W., Wartęga, M., & Cudnik, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12103532 · Cited by 9

Midwifery care providers’ childbirth and immediate newborn care competencies: A cross-sectional study in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda

Moller, A., Welsh, J., Agossou, C. M., Ayebare, E. O., Chipeta, E. K., Dossou, J., Groß, M. M., Houngbo, G., Hounkpatin, H., Kandeya, B., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001399 · Cited by 9

Fetal Assessment in Pregnancy (Indication and Methodology for Fetal Monitoring in a Low-risk Population). Guideline of the DGGG, DEGUM, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/089, February 2023)

Schiermeier, S., von Kaisenberg, C. S., Kehl, S., Reister, F., Mosimann, B., Reif, P., Harlfinger, W., König, K., Schwarz, C., Matern, E., et al. (2023) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2096-1182 · Cited by 9

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL MEDICINE (EAPM) Position statement: Use of appropriate terminology for situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor

Vayssière, C., Yli, B. M., Ayres‐de‐Campos, D., Ugwumadu, A. H. N., Loussert, L., Hellström-Westas, L. K., Timonen, S., Schwarz, C., Nunes, I., & Roth, G.-E. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.01.006 · Cited by 9

Cardiotocography in breech versus vertex delivery: an examiner-blinded, cross-sectional nested case-control study

Toivonen, E., Palomäki, O., Huhtala, H., & Uotila, J. T. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1115-5 · Cited by 9

Combined maternal-associated risk factors with intrapartum fetal heart rate classification systems to predict peripartum asphyxia neonates

Pruksanusak, N., Thongphanang, P., Suntharasaj, T., Suwanrath, C., & Geater, A. F. (2017) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.09.008 · Cited by 9

Cardiotocography alone vs. cardiotocography with ST segment analysis for intrapartum fetal monitoring in women with late-term pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial

Puertas, A., Góngora, J., Valverde, M., Paniza, L. R., Galán, S. M., & Carrillo, M. P. (2019) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.01.023 · Cited by 9

Ensemble based technique for the assessment of fetal health using cardiotocograph – a case study with standard feature reduction techniques

Das, S., Mukherjee, H., Obaidullah, S. M., Roy, K., & Saha, C. K. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-08853-2 · Cited by 9

Intrapartum Basal Ganglia–Thalamic Pattern Injury and Radiologically Termed “Acute Profound Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury” Are Not Synonymous

Smith, J., Solomons, R., Vollmer, L., Langenegger, E. J., Lotz, J. W., Andronikou, S., Anthony, J., & van Toorn, R. (2020) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1721692 · Cited by 9

Evaluation and impact of fetal physiology training on fetal heart rate analysis

Dupuis, H., Ghesquière, L., Piérache, A., Subtil, D., Houfflin‐Debarge, V., & Garabédian, C. (2020) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102185 · Cited by 9

Introduction of the Physiological CTG Interpretation & Hypoxia in Labour (HIL) Tool, and its Incorporation into a Software Programme: Impact on Perinatal Outcomes

Chandraharan, E. (2021) · Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.19080/gjorm.2021.08.555737 · Cited by 9

The quality of intrapartum cardiotocography in preterm labour

Faiz, Z., Hof, E. M. V. ‘., Colenbrander, G. J., Lippes, R., & Bakker, P. (2021) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2021-0214 · Cited by 9

Absence of Wharton’s Jelly at the Abdominal Site of the Umbilical Cord Insertion. Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature

Botezatu, R., Raduteanu, S., Ciobanu, A. M., Gică, N., Peltecu, G. C., & Panaitescu, A. M. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57111268 · Cited by 9

Computer analysis of maternal–fetal heart rate recordings during labor in relation with maternal–fetal attachment and prediction of newborn acidemia

Pinto, P., Santos, C., Ayres‐de‐Campos, D., & Bernardes, J. (2015) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1051019 · Cited by 9

Entropy and Compression Capture Different Complexity Features: The Case of Fetal Heart Rate

Monteiro-Santos, J., Gonçalves, H. M. D. S. L. M., Bernardes, J., Antunes, L. F., Zarmehri, M. N., & Santos, C. (2017) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e19120688 · Cited by 9

Effectiveness of fetal scalp stimulation test in assessing fetal wellbeing during labor, a retrospective cohort study

Shakouri, F., Iorizzo, L., Edwards, H., Vinter, C. A., Kristensen, K. H., Isberg, P., & Wiberg, N. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03030-7 · Cited by 9

Estimation of Consecutively Missed Samples in Fetal Heart Rate Recordings

Feng, G., Quirk, J. G., Heiselman, C. J., & Djurić, P. M. (2020) · European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) · doi:10.23919/eusipco47968.2020.9287490 · Cited by 9

Midwives must, obstetricians may: An ethnographic exploration of how policy documents organise intrapartum fetal monitoring practice

Small, K., Sidebotham, M., Fenwick, J., & Gamble, J. A. (2021) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2021.05.001 · Cited by 9

Early versus late amniotomy during induction of labor using oxytocin: A randomized controlled trial

Halouani, A., Masmoudi, Y., Hamdaoui, R., Hammami, A., Triki, A., & Amor, A. B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286037 · Cited by 8

Predicting the risks and recognizing the signs: a two-year prospective population-based study on pregnant women with uterine rupture in The Netherlands

Overtoom, E. M., Huynh, T. N., Rosman, A. N., Zwart, J. J., Schaap, T. P., Vogelvang, T. E., van den Akker, T., & Bloemenkamp, K. W. M. (2024) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2024.2311083 · Cited by 8

Factors contributing to visual intrapartum cardiotocograph interpretation variation among healthcare professionals: An integrative review

Lukhele, S., Mulaudzi, F. M., & Gundo, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315761 · Cited by 8

FHR signal analysis using attention-based 1DCNN-BiLSTM neural network for intrapartum fetal monitoring

P, A. M. P., Uma, V., Sasirekha, R., & Hamsika, V. (2025) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2025.105259 · Cited by 8

Is fetal well-being jeopardised during high-intensity interval training?

Dalhaug, E. M., Sanda, B., Bø, K., Brown, W. J., Øvstedal, K., Brevik-Persson, S., & Haakstad, L. A. H. (2025) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002496 · Cited by 8

On designing a biosignal-based fetal state assessment system: A systematic mapping study

Neto, M. G. D. S., Madeiro, J. P. D. V., & Gomes, D. G. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106671 · Cited by 8

Is It Time to Redefine Fetal Decelerations in Cardiotocography?

Xodo, S., & Londero, A. P. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12101552 · Cited by 8

Fetal heart rate monitoring by fusion of estimations from two modalities: A modified Viterbi’s algorithm

Souriau, R., Fontecave-Jallon, J., & Rivet, B. (2022) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104405 · Cited by 8

Assessment of the cerebroplacental ratio and uterine arteries in low-risk pregnancies in early labour for the prediction of obstetric and neonatal outcomes

Dall’Asta, A., Frusca, T., Rizzo, G., Zegarra, R. R., Lees, C. C., Figueras, F., & Ghi, T. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.02.002 · Cited by 8

Labor management and neonatal outcomes in cardiotocography categories II and III (Review)

Tsikouras, P. N., Oikonomou, E., Bothou, Α., Kyriakou, D., Nalbanti, T., Andreou, S., Daniilidis, A., Peitsidis, P., Nikolettos, K., Iatrakis, G. M., et al. (2024) · Medicine International · doi:10.3892/mi.2024.151 · Cited by 8

Intrauterine resuscitation during the second stage of term labour by maternal hyperoxygenation versus conventional care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (INTEREST O2)

Bullens, L. M., Hulsenboom, A. D. J., Moors, S., Joshi, R., Heimel, P. J. V. R., der Jagt, M. B. V. D. H., van den Heuvel, E. R., & Oei, S. G. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2567-x · Cited by 8

Decision-making during trial of labour after caesarean; a qualitative study with gynaecologists

Rietveld, A. L., de Groot, C. J. M., & Teunissen, P. W. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199887 · Cited by 8

Errors and pitfalls in reading the cardiotocographic tracing

Tommaso, M. D., Seravalli, V., & Petraglia, F. (2019) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04336-8 · Cited by 8

Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction and Augmentation, 5th Edition

Simpson, K. R. (2020) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2020.04.005 · Cited by 8

Fetal heart rate development during labour

Urdal, J., Engan, K., Eftestøl, T. C., Haaland, S. H., Kamala, B. A., Mdoe, P. F., Kidanto, H. L., & Ersdal, H. L. (2021) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-021-00861-z · Cited by 8

Time to reconsider: Have the 2015 FIGO and 2017 Swedish intrapartum cardiotocogram classifications led us from Charybdis to Scylla?

Olofsson, P., Ekengård, F., & Herbst, A. (2021) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14201 · Cited by 8

Manual fetal stimulation during intrapartum fetal surveillance: a randomized controlled trial

Tahmina, S., Daniel, M. L., & Krishnan, L. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100574 · Cited by 8

Computerized analysis of cardiotocograms in clinical practice and the SisPorto ® system thirty-two years after: technological, physiopathological and clinical studies

Bernardes, J. (2022) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2022-0406 · Cited by 8

Comparison of the predictive ability for perinatal acidemia in neonates between the NICHD 3-tier FHR system combined with clinical risk factors and the fetal reserve index

Pruksanusak, N., Chainarong, N., Boripan, S., & Geater, A. F. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276451 · Cited by 8

Machine learning models based on clinical indices and cardiotocographic features for discriminating asphyxia fetuses—Porto retrospective intrapartum study

Ribeiro, M., Nunes, I., Castro, L., Santos, C., & Henriques, T. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1099263 · Cited by 8

Comparison of fetal heart rate baseline estimation by the cardiotocograph network and clinicians: a multidatabase retrospective assessment study

Bai, J., Pan, X., Lu, Y., Zhong, M., Wang, H., Zheng, Z., & Guo, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1059211 · Cited by 8

Identification of large-for-gestational age fetuses using antenatal customized fetal growth charts: Can we improve the prediction of abnormal labor course?

Dall’Asta, A., Rizzo, G., Kiener, A. J. O., Volpe, N., di Pasquo, E., Roletti, E., Mappa, I., Makatsariya, A. D., Maruotti, G. M., Saccone, G., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.024 · Cited by 8

Discovering Causalities from Cardiotocography Signals using Improved Convergent Cross Mapping with Gaussian Processes

Feng, G., Quirk, J. G., & Djurić, P. M. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9053462 · Cited by 8

MicroRNA-148b-3p and MicroRNA-25-3p Are Overexpressed in Fetuses with Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction

Morales‐Roselló, J., García‐Giménez, J. L., Martinez-Priego, L., Rodríguez, D. G., Mena, S., Maquieira, Á., Loscalzo, G., Buongiorno, S., Jakaitė, V., Martínez, A. J. C., et al. (2020) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000507619 · Cited by 8

Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory-based Intelligent Auxiliary Diagnosis of Fetal Health

Yefei, Z., Yanjun, D., Xiaohong, Z., Lihuan, S., & Zhidong, Z. (2021) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp52854.2021.9550851 · Cited by 8

Maternal sleep behaviours preceding fetal heart rate events on cardiotocography

Wilson, D. L., Fung, A. M., Skrzypek, H., Pell, G., Barnes, M., Howard, M. E., & Walker, S. P. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282528 · Cited by 8

Prediction of Neonatal Acidosis Based on the Type of Fetal Hypoxia Observed on the Cardiotocograph (CTG)

Gunaratne, S. A., Panditharatne, S. D., & Chandraharan, E. (2022) · European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.2.1308 · Cited by 8

Cardiotocography combined with ST analysis versus cardiotocography combined with fetal blood sampling in deliveries with abnormal CTG: a randomized trial

Victor, S. F., Bach, D., Hvelplund, C., Nickelsen, C., Lyndrup, J., Wilken‐Jensen, C., Scharff, L. J., Weber, T., Secher, N. J., & Krebs, L. (2022) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06649-3 · Cited by 8

Maternal hemoglobin level and its relation to fetal distress, mode of delivery, and short-term neonatal outcome: a retrospective cohort study

Bullens, L. M., Smith, J. S., Truijens, S. E. M., der Jagt, M. B. V. D. H., Heimel, P. J. V. R., & Oei, S. G. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1573221 · Cited by 8

Impediments to a unified international approach to the interpretation and management of intrapartum cardiotocographs

Parer, J. T., & Ugwumadu, A. H. N. (2016) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1174207 · Cited by 8

Classification of Fetal State through the application of Machine Learning techniques on Cardiotocography records: Towards Real World ApplicationPreprint

D'addario, A. M. V., Espinoza, C., & Nogueira, W. A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.21255808 · Cited by 8

A Successful New Case of Twin Pregnancy in a Patient with Swyer Syndrome—An Up-to-Date Review on the Incidence and Outcome of Twin/Multiple Gestations in the Pure 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis

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Interobserver agreement of intrapartum cardiotocography interpretation by midwives using current FIGO and physiology-based guidelines

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Fetal Electrocardiograph (ST-Analyser or STAN): Is it time for the Requiem?

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Is the fetus fit for labor? Introducing fast‐and‐frugal trees ( FFTrees ) to simplify triage of women for STAN monitoring: An interobserver agreement comparison with traditional classification

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Cardiotocography Signal Abnormality Detection Based on Deep Semi-Unsupervised Learning

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Fetal Hypoxia Detection Using Machine Learning: A Narrative Review

Alharbi, N., Youldash, M. M., Alotaibi, D., Aldossary, H., Albrahim, R., Alzahrani, R., Saleh, W. A., Olatunji, S. O., & Aldossary, M. I. (2024) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai5020026 · Cited by 7

Automated analysis of fetal heart rate baseline/acceleration/deceleration using MTU-Net3 + model

Wang, M., Li, G., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Feng, Y., Li, Y., Liu, G., & Hao, D. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-024-00388-x · Cited by 7

When should foetal pH measurements be performed after a prolonged deceleration? An experimental study in a fetal sheep model

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Polynomial FLANN Classifier for Fetal Cardiotocography Monitoring

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Investigating the interpretability of fetal status assessment using antepartum cardiotocographic records

Huang, L., Jiang, Z., Cai, R., Li, L., Chen, Q., Hong, J., Hao, Z., & Wei, H. (2021) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01714-4 · Cited by 7

Value of Cerebroplacental Ratio and Uterine Artery Doppler as Predictors of Adverse Perinatal Outcome in Very Small for Gestational Age at Term Fetuses

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Antenatal cardiotocography in dutch primary midwife-led care: Maternal and perinatal outcomes and serious adverse events. A prospective observational cohort study

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Mechanical cervicAl ripeninG for women with PrOlongedPregnancies (MAGPOP): protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a silicone double balloon catheter versus the Propess system for the slow release of dinoprostone for cervical ripening of prolonged pregnancies

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A novel modular fetal ECG STAN and HRV analysis: Towards robust hypoxia detection

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Cardiotocograph Data Classification Improvement by Using Empirical Mode Decomposition

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Pre- and postnatal brain hemodynamics in pregnancies at term: correlation with Doppler ultrasound, birthweight, and adverse perinatal outcome

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Ensemble Based Foetal State Diagnosis

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Focus on cardiotocography: Intrapartum monitoring of uterine contractions

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Electronic Fetal Monitoring

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FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation

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Intermittent auscultation of fetal heart rate during labour – a widely accepted technique for low risk pregnancies: But are the current national guidelines robust and practical?

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What are the recommended guidelines for conducting intermittent auscultation in labor wards to ensure fetal well-being?

Tripdatabase (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.17765518

5.6 INTRAPARTUM FETAL HEART RATE MONITORING AIM

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Intermittent auscultation fetal monitoring during labour: A systematic scoping review to identify methods, effects, and accuracy

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