The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 111 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Background Information technologies have been vital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth and telemedicine services, especially, fulfilled their promise by allowing patients to receive advice and care at a distance, making it safer for all concerned. Over the preceding years, professional societies, governments, and scholars examined ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) related to telemedicine and telehealth. Primary concerns evident from reviewing this literature have been quality of care, access, consent, and privacy. Objectives To identify and summarize ethical, legal, and social issues related to information technology in healthcare, as exemplified by telehealth and telemedicine. To expand on prior analyses and address gaps illuminated by the COVID-19 experience. To propose future research directions. Methods Literature was identified through searches, forward and backward citation chaining, and the author’s knowledge of scholars and works in the area. EU and professional organizations’ guidelines, and nineteen scholarly papers were examined and categories created to identify ethical, legal, and social issues they addressed. A synthesis matrix was developed to categorize issues addressed by each source. Results A synthesis matrix was developed and issues categorized as: quality of care, consent and autonomy, access to care and technology, legal and regulatory, clinician responsibilities, patient responsibilities, changed relationships, commercialization, policy, information needs, and evaluation, with subcategories that fleshed out each category. The literature primarily addressed quality of care, access, consent, and privacy. Other identified considerations were little discussed. These and newer concerns include: usability, tailoring services to each patient, curriculum and training, implementation, commercialization, and licensing and liability. The need for interoperability, data availability, cybersecurity, and informatics infrastructure also is more apparent. These issues are applicable to other information technologies in healthcare. Conclusions Clinicians and organizations need updated guidelines for ethical use of telemedicine and telehealth care, and decision- and policy-makers need evidence to inform decisions. The variety of newly implemented telemedicine services is an on-going natural experiment presenting an unparalleled opportunity to develop an evidence-based way forward. The paper recommends evaluation using an applied ethics, context-sensitive approach that explores interactions among multiple factors and considerations. It suggests evaluation questions to investigate ethical, social, and legal issues through multi-method, sociotechnical, interpretive and ethnographic, and interactionist evaluation approaches. Such evaluation can help telehealth, and other information technologies, be integrated into healthcare ethically and effectively.
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70 Not checked yet · 38 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given · 6 Own method · 3 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Primary concerns evident in this literature have been quality of care, access, consent, and privacy.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They recognized that patients can be burdened by access disparities, particularly the elderly, impaired, disadvantaged, and racial minorities, and those where services are limited [15,[34], [35]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By 2020, the AMA produced a “Telehealth Implementation Guidebook” that, like the WMA ten years before, introduced the need for assessment metrics and for clinical, staff, and patient education, albeit with more detail [13].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, the literature extended beyond the usual four areas of quality of care and relationships, access, consent, and privacy commonly found in professional guidelines.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the beginning, guidelines from organized medicine, government commissions, and ethical, legal, and other analyses, emphasized the patient-clinician relationship, consent, privacy and security, and law and regulation.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By 2019, the AMA recognized additional issues involving direct-to-consumer telemedicine providers’ influence towards commercializing both the market and overseeing it [24].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A review of 2000-2013 open-access literature found the issues centered on autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, consent, equality of service availability, and beneficence,[28]”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During these years, scholars also discussing ELSI related to telemedicine expanded on the familiar issues of physician-patient relationships and quality of care, consent, access, and privacy.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Authors discussing the doctor-patient relationship addressed the importance of human contact, non-verbal cues, touch, expressiveness, and accustomed ways to express empathy and build rapport for diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Privacy, confidentiality, and consent were of concern, and more so when obligatory end-user agreements required relinquishing privacy and control over data [34].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 74
- It may state two separate claims as one. 56
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature primarily addressed quality of care, access, consent, and privacy.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, the American Medical Association (AMA)’s 2014 and 2016 telemedicine ethics guidelines also covered the patient-physician relationship and quality of care, reimbursement, and the need for guidelines and assessment [21].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The need for interoperability, data availability, cybersecurity, and informatics infrastructure also is more apparent.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One author addressed four “possible pitfalls:” eroding the patient-doctor relationship, patient privacy threats, one-size-fits-all implementations, and assuming that new technology must be effective, and therefore added the advisability of evaluation [30].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Issues were categorized as: quality of care, consent and autonomy, access to care and technology, legal and regulatory, clinician responsibilities, patient responsibilities, changed relationships, commercialization, policy, information needs, and evaluation. Subcategories fleshed each of these out.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2013, they discussed ethical issues of transparency of mission statements and ethical principles; changing clinicians’ professional roles, including special training; viewing patients as active participants in their healthcare, making them the arbiters of its social acceptability, and ensuring they have enough information to make consent meaningful; and avoiding conflicts of interest or priorit”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physicians’ “fundamental ethical responsibilities do not change,” they declared, and still included providing competent care, respecting patient privacy and confidentiality, taking appropriate steps to ensure continuity of care, and following best practice guidelines [22].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also presciently warned about commercializing healthcare, related conflicts of interest, and patient trust [23].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars questioned meaningfulness of autonomy and consent when choice is limited by access or family and community pressures, or in the face of privacy policies that are difficult to understand and do not protect privacy [11,15,31].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their 2009 “Statement on Guiding Principles for the Use of Telehealth for the Provision of Health Care,” while addressing similar issues, set a different tone by beginning with a guiding principle of the duty of care in telehealth encounters and emphasizing significant aspects of the physician-patient relationship which physicians needed to meet along with quality and regulatory standards [19].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Professional organizations’ and EU guidelines and international literature primarily from the past decade discussed ethical concerns that were little addressed as the pandemic hit.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“They were concerned with the potential for depersonalization and lack of intimacy, prioritizing efficiency and economics over quality care, and for lack of sensitivity to patients’ community, culture and social practices, and language [27,[32], [33]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some authors remarked that these concerns were illustrative of ethical issues regarding health information technology in general [11,15,27,31]”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They repeated these themes in their 2007 Statement on the Ethics of Telemedicine and the 2018 revision, though they, by then, warned about telemedicine solely for cost-cutting. Although they no longer had a section on the patient’s role, they advised on physicians’ relationships with other physicians involved with a patient’s care, and on assessing telemedicine [12,18].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Guidelines dealt with codes of conduct for health websites, doctor-patient relationships, consent and communication, security, confidentiality, different specialties, homecare, and e-mail consultations.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 2008 review of twenty-one ethical guidelines published in journals found most came from the US, UK, Australia, and India. There were none specifically for developing countries”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Attention was given to the need for services and technology for these populations, and to burdens as well as benefits of care [27,34].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They surveyed relevant state law, and continued emphasizing that, except in emergencies and other exceptional circumstances, there should be a previously-established “valid” patient-physician relationship prior to telemedicine services [24,26].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Their Code of Medical Ethics (no longer only in specific guidelines for telemedicine) again stressed that physicians’ ethical responsibilities do not change during teleconsults. Some newer responsibilities included: ensuring that information is accurate, and that protocols are sufficient to prevent unauthorized access, to protect the security and integrity of patient information, and to authentic”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1999, The World Medical Association (WMA) focused on the physician-patient relationship, including physician and patient responsibilities similar to those in face-to-face care. They addressed quality care, informed consent, confidentiality and security, appropriate authorizations to practice, use of and access to technologies, and quality metrics to assess these [11].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while a 2012-2017 review familiarly identified the doctor-patient relationship as the main issue, and others as “technology, data confidentiality and security, informed consent, and patient’s and family’s satisfaction with telemedicine services [17]”.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They addressed access in terms of meeting different needs, both for healthcare and technology designs for different patient and clinician populations, while adhering to standards of care for all [11,15,27,31,34].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The European Union encouraged national health services to incorporate telemedicine into daily practice. It pushed for developing telehealth international standards, interoperability, and legal provisions; involving clinicians and patients in design, development, and implementation; promoting greater awareness; increasing research; and developing related areas of ethics and evaluation.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The predominant concerns were: the doctor-patient relationship, informed consent, confidentiality, data security, adequacy of records, data standards and quality, clinical competence, licensure and medical responsibility [16]”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Professional and Governmental Guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of those, even the ones using the EU's Model for Assessment of Telemedicine Applications (MAST), a framework that includes ethical and legal issues, have not included ELSI, even if some addressed usability or work and organizational changes [[50], [51]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
- Not checked yetcites [51]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Parallel concerns were expressed internationally as well [27,31,37], with some additional consideration to serving vulnerable populations, and to responsibility for hardware and software malfunctions, errors, safety, and interoperability [[38], [39], [40]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
- Not checked yetcites [31]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars also commented on patients' need for assistance and education to navigate the new ways to get care and implications of using the services [34,[38], [39]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Telehealth services were implemented very rapidly to meet healthcare needs during a global health crisis.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars also extended beyond the common issues by noting that telecare services require clinicians and patients to take on new roles, relationships, and responsibilities.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors identified changes in relationships, status, control, legal responsibility, ways of working and skill levels, and relationships between clinicians and different communities as well as between patients and clinicians.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Licensure, credentialing, liability and malpractice, conflicts of interest, technological certification standards and device regulation, and conflicting state rules were discussed over the years [32,36].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [36]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While to most, the benefits of telemedicine were clear, some authors questioned the extent to which the aim of telemedicine was improving health or well-being or, instead, creating market needs or cutting costs.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature mostly has focused on physicians and patients.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1, Table 2 indicate that some issues predominated and others received little attention.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They raised concerns about commercially exploiting data in ways that violate privacy, support marketing interests, create vulnerabilities, increase surveillance, and compromise both informed consent and patient-clinician relationships [11,15,27,32,38,40].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients and clinicians needed to learn how to select and use the technologies and possibly overcome access, usability, and language barriers, and to develop cultural sensitivity to communities with different customs, practices, and language [27,32,33].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other regulatory issues also discussed were: licensure, credentialing, liability and malpractice, conflicts of interest, technological certification standards and device regulation, conflicting state rules, and responsibility for hardware and software safety [27,[31], [32],36,[37], [38], [39], [40]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > RESULTS: ELSI OVER THE YEARS > Scholarly Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
- Not checked yetcites [31]
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fortunately, this is starting to happen [3].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information technologies have been vital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth and telemedicine services, especially, fulfilled their promise by allowing patients to receive advice and care at a distance, making it safer for all concerned.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > Abstract > Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 2016 study reported that a mere 15.4% of US physicians worked in practices using telemedicine to interact with patients, and 11.2% in practices using telemedicine for interactions between physicians and healthcare professionals, mostly via video-conferencing [1].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“daily averages for Virtual Urgent Care visits at New York University’s Langone Health, which was well-situated to expand telecare, grew by 683% and non-urgent video doctor visits grew by 4,345% in response to COVID-19 over six weeks during March and the first half of April 2020.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even though 66% of those surveyed that year were willing to use telehealth, only 8% had tried it, while two-thirds of respondents used personal health monitoring devices [4].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Just the month before, MDLIVE reported that urgent care visits doubled in Washington state, where the outbreak hit early and hard, and American Well, about to be rebranded to Amwell, said that usage increased there 650% and 158% nationwide [6].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Demand for commercial telemedicine services in the US spiked [2]. Vendors reported that they got a year’s worth of traffic in one month. Amwell, saw a 2000% increase in visits to its platform before the end of April, 2020.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With telemedicine’s expansion now expected to change healthcare delivery even as the pandemic ends [10]”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as saturation appeared to be reached, the scope and number of documents seemed sufficient.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > METHODS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variety of newly implemented telemedicine services is an on-going natural experiment presenting an unparalleled opportunity to develop an evidence-based way forward.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Past guidelines and analysis may need revising for today’s healthcare needs.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such evaluation can help telehealth, and other information technologies, be integrated into healthcare ethically and effectively.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > Abstract > Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In-person visits declined 80% while forty emergency medicine providers were increased to 289 “surge” providers from multiple specialties.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For telemedicine to remain incorporated into routine care as responsibly and ethically as possible, this broader view of ELSI is necessary [49].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and the California Consumer Privacy Protection Act in the US, address these concerns to some extent.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Doing so requires information technology networks, policies, procedures, technological infrastructure, and effective change management strategies for new workflows and redesigned care models [3].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quality of care depends on all clinicians, and not only on physicians or the doctor-patient relationship.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To do this, so telehealth services continue effectively and ethically, decisions can be evidence-based and value-based.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 outbreak and consequent explosion of telehealth services presents an unparalleled opportunity to examine related ethical, legal, and social issues and ask what fundamental responsibilities are during a time of crisis in healthcare, and after.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relaxing privacy regulations to enable telehealth provides a further opportunity for revisiting these regulations.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“pros and cons of these kinds of regulations have been discussed extensively in the legal literature, and much can be learned from these analyses [47].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Burn-out, too, may be an issue.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A newer concern relates to artificial intelligence and algorithms that may be unvetted or opaque, or result in conflicts of interest or unsavory biases [41].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 experience illuminates newer concerns centering on just how well and under what conditions quality of care is as good as in-person care, or at least adequate when that care is not available; effectiveness of consenting procedures, including their relationship to data privacy; how changes in access affect various populations and patients; privacy considerations, especially for com”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others provide care, and people other than patients are involved or affected.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: People other than patients are involved in or affected by care, and providers other than physicians deliver care.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these considerations indicate the importance of both the clinical encounter and also the organizational, social, cultural, and political environment in which it occurs and the multiple people involved.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: People other than patients are involved in or affected by care, and providers other than physicians deliver care.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“How crucial information and informatics infrastructure is has become even more obvious, together with patient interaction with data and clinicians' access to relevant patient-generated data, particularly for patients they do not know.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, the rapid rise of telemedicine, telehealth, and e-health may be contributing to dehumanization by virtualizing patients and care and by focusing on measurement.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is unfortunate as telemedicine is a key source of outpatient healthcare in a time when virulent infectious disease prevents other means of accessing care.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That makes evaluation and assessment crucial.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While many agree that US health data privacy protections have been outdated for some time [34,[44], [45], [46]], pros and cons of these kinds of regulations have been discussed extensively in the legal literature, and much can be learned from these analyses [47].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [44]
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Telecare services' growth across jurisdictional boundaries further illustrate the salience of these issues.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As new services are quickly rolled-out and previous services vastly increased there may have been too much focus on responding to an emergency, or on the roll-out itself, to pay enough attention to other important issues.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instead, the long-standing emphasis on technology using positivist approaches comes at the expense of the range and depth of ethical, legal, and social issues, and contributes to triumphalist accounts of telemedicine trials even though research and evaluation results may be less positive [15,27,52].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WHO, the National Institutes of Health, and the Gates Foundation were presumably hacked in April 2020 [43].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, it is becoming apparent that data from many sources and activities may be incorporated into health records, and for years has been aggregated and sold, making all data health data, though not all is protected by health privacy protections [34].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic experience provides opportunity for assessing how best to continue.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The range of issues and current experiences suggest “a whole-system strategy” to embed telehealth into routine service and other information system functions.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical judgement and professional responsibility are reflected in the emphasis on clinician-patient relationships, particularly the focus on physicians.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, different contexts of settings and healthcare systems around the world require expanding the scope of ELSI to include this variety.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They play a significant role in their care and clinical interactions.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients play a significant role in their own care and in clinical interactions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both are too new to judge long-term effects, but both the GDPR's predecessor and US sectoral privacy law in healthcare, finance, and education have been in effect long enough for assessment.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions particular to underserved communities and developing countries also need far more ELSI attention.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“World-wide deployment of telehealth services provides a natural experiment for learning from the experiences and for broadening ethical guidelines and analysis.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under very trying circumstances, clinicians have heroically fulfilled their professional obligations by taking advantage of technology provided by their organizations and rapidly switching to telecare to provide services as best, and as ethically, as they can.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, too, would organizational policies, legal and regulatory concerns, technological considerations, and much else.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: People other than patients are involved in or affected by care, and providers other than physicians deliver care.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients play a significant role in their own care and in clinical interactions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients' knowledge, health literacy, digital fluency, capabilities and disabilities, and access to care also would add a significant perspective to ELSI discussion.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients play a significant role in their own care and in clinical interactions.
In the paper
“Their key finding was a gap between these macro-level guidelines and micro-level practice priorities [41].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > DISCUSSION: REVISITING ELSI – BROADENING THE SCOPE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the search was intended to get a sense of what the ELSI focus has been rather than to be exhaustive.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Literature before 2008 may have been missed if not included in review papers.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > LIMITATIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They also are applicable to evaluating other healthcare information technologies and for broadening the scope and understanding of ELSI [49].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An interactive sociotechnical approach incorporating Kaplan's 4Cs of communication, care, control, and context that draw attention to ELSI could investigate the dynamic interactions between these issues [53,[57], [58]].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Young et al. thought it vital to maintain established ethical principles when using new forms of communication and technology in healthcare, “while nurturing the therapeutic relationship, insuring confidentiality, maintaining patient satisfaction and appropriately utilizing technology to provide evidence-based care and clinical benefits [32].””
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understandably, these are not top priorities when systems are overwhelmed, but the possibilities should be kept in mind as routines settle and calm.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These, combined into an applied ethics approach that examines practice would address context-specific issues together with the situations and relations people and technologies co-create [49,59].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That evaluation history points to the salience of methodologies that include ethics.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incorporating interpretive, critical, sociotechnical approaches into evaluation mitigates against both information technology and evaluation failures [14,[52], [53], [54], [55], [56]] and would allow for more ELSI exploration.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic has made developing informatics infrastructure and ethical guidelines to meet data and care more necessary.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having relevant information about patients is a clear informatics mandate requiring more interoperability and data sharing than has been possible, and more ELSI involvement.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specific evaluation questions, such as those in Table 3 , though not explicitly ELSI, have ethical, legal, and social aspects that can be explored by asking: Are people treated well and fairly?”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps most important is learning from the experience while moving forward ethically, responsibly, and effectively.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evaluation is an ethical imperative so that ethicists, professionals, and policy makers have sound evidence on which to base analyses, decisions, and services [15,60].”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [60]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examining telehealth services as compared with other means of healthcare will illuminate what constitutes good clinician-patient relationships, quality care, sufficient consent, adequate access and privacy, and the variety of other ethical, legal, and social concerns.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > EVALUATION FOR EVIDENCE-BASED VALUE-BASED SERVICES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Google search results are unique because displays are targeted to the user and a priority ranking system based on others' searches. Consequently, searching by a different person, or on a different computer, or at different times, could return different results.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > LIMITATIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature search could have been more extensive by including more keywords, databases, and more countries' guidelines.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > LIMITATIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to explore ethical, legal, and social issues related to information technology in healthcare.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When no new issues were identified and saturation appeared to be reached, the search was ended.”
§ REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 > LIMITATIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Google's ranked search results reflect the most viewed and thus most influential scholarly papers.
“By taking advantage of Google’s ranked search results, the first few pages of results were used to find and then include the scholarly papers since 2008 that presumably were most viewed, so most likely influential.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The author's knowledge of scholars and works in the area is sufficient to identify relevant literature.
“Papers identified by forward and backward citation chaining and the author’s knowledge of scholars and works in the area also were examined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 experience reveals gaps in prior ethical, legal, and social issue analyses.
“To expand on prior analyses and address gaps illuminated by the COVID-19 experience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Commercial telehealth services and health care organizations gather and sell data for reasons unrelated to healthcare.
“Commercial services as well as health care organizations collect and sell data for purposes unrelated to healthcare.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People other than patients are involved in or affected by care, and providers other than physicians deliver care.
“Others provide care, and people other than patients are involved or affected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients play a significant role in their own care and in clinical interactions.
“They play a significant role in their care and clinical interactions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Accessibility, equity, clinical effectiveness, user acceptability, and satisfaction, as well as service efficiency, are components of ethical digital health solutions [41] and can be evaluated by data drawn from Leora.”
From Providing Self-Led Mental Health Support Through an Artificial Intelligence–Powered Chat Bot (Leora) to Meet the Demand of Mental Health Care (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
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Sorted by citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kaplan, B.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaplan, Bonnie
- Venue
- International Journal of Medical Informatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 143
- Pages
- 104239
- ISSN
- 1386-5056 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7831568
- OpenAlex
- W3046795846
- Semantic Scholar
- 0011f7076b756048d97f1991a4739a69693d8780
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Medical Informatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Law › Medical and Health Sciences Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- telemedicine, COVID-19 pandemic, ethical, legal and social issues, quality of care, informed consent, patient privacy, health care access, telemedicine regulation, clinician autonomy, applied ethics, cybersecurity, interoperability, clinician training
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Medical Informatics, Computer Security, Telemedicine, Privacy, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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