Trusting telemedicine: A discussion on risks, safety, legal implications and liability of involved stakeholders
Open accessAbstract
Objectives The main purpose of the article is to raise awareness among all the involved stakeholders about the risks and legal implications connected to the development and use of modern telemedicine systems. Particular focus is given to the class of "active" telemedicine systems, that imply a real-world, non-mediated, interaction with the final user. A secondary objective is to give an overview of the European legal framework that applies to these systems, in the effort to avoid defensive medicine practices and fears, which might be a barrier to their broader adoption.Methods We leverage on the experience gained during two international telemedicine projects, namely MobiGuide (pilot studies conducted in Spain and Italy) and AP@home (clinical trials enrolled patients in Italy, France, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Austria and Germany), whose development our group has significantly contributed to in the last 4 years, to create a map of the potential criticalities of active telemedicine systems and comment upon the legal framework that applies to them. Two workshops have been organized in December 2015 and March 2016 where the topic has been discussed in round tables with system developers, researchers, physicians, nurses, legal experts, healthcare economists and administrators.Results We identified 8 features that generate relevant risks from our example use cases. These features generalize to a broad set of telemedicine applications, and suggest insights on possible risk mitigation strategies. We also discuss the relevant European legal framework that regulate this class of systems, providing pointers to specific norms and highlighting possible liability profiles for involved stakeholders.Conclusions Patients are more and more willing to adopt telemedicine systems to improve home care and day-by-day self-management. An essential step towards a broader adoption of these systems consists in increasing their compliance with existing regulations and better defining responsibilities for all the involved stakeholders.
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Scholars noted that patients need help and education to navigate new ways of obtaining care, and noted the implications of using the services.
“Scholars also commented on patients' need for assistance and education to navigate the new ways to get care and implications of using the services [34,[38], [39]].”
From REVISITING HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ETHICAL, LEGAL, and SOCIAL ISSUES and EVALUATION: TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE and COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
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Rezaei, M., Jafari‐Sadeghi, V., Cao, D., & Mahdiraji, H. A. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120724 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness, which are consistent with the results of Fricker et al. (2015a), Kopala and Mitchell (2011), and Jamshed et al., (2015) in healthcare technology; Parimbelli et al. (2018) on the ethical challenges in telemedicine; Salerno et al. , (2017) in big data.”
ResultDigitization of healthcare organizations: The digital health landscape and information theory
van Velthoven, M. H., Cordón, C., & Challagalla, G. N. (2019) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.01.007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mobile applications in oncology: A systematic review of health science databases
Ayora, A. F., Loreto, M.-S., Montesinos, M. J. L., Salas‐Medina, P., Julio, M. P. M., & Llor, A. M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.104001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Telemedicine Healthcare Service Adoption Barriers in Rural Bangladesh
Zobair, K. M., Sanzogni, L., & Sandhu, K. (2020) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v24i0.2165 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“However, awareness among stakeholders as well as issues of privacy, confidentiality, defensive medical practices and fears (Parimbelli et al., 2018), unfamiliarity with required skills and knowledge, and difficulties handling ICT applications (Koivunen & Saranto, 2018) form complex barriers to broader telemedicine ado…”
BackgroundInfluentialNursing in the Digital Age: Harnessing telemedicine for enhanced patient care
David-Olawade, A. C., Olawade, D. B., Ojo, I. O., Famujimi, M. E., Olawumi, T. T., & Esan, D. T. (2024) · Informatics and Health · doi:10.1016/j.infoh.2024.07.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Maloca, P. M., Hasler, P. W., Barthelmes, D., Arnold, P., Mooser, M., Scholl, H. P. N., Gerding, H., Garweg, J. G., Heeren, T. F. C., Balaskas, K., et al. (2018) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.7.4.8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In many countries, the population of patients who manage their own health outside professional health care by employing homeuse medical devices is on the rise.(54) Thus, the further development of the spOCT device software, ergonomics, and telecommunications will be the objective of future research.”
BackgroundChauhan, A. S., Jakhar, S. K., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121462 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bente, B. E., van Dongen, A., Verdaasdonk, R. M., & van Gemert-Pijnen, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1332707 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
More room for telemedicine after COVID-19: lessons for primary care?
Garattini, L., Martini, M. B., & Zanetti, M. (2020) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-020-01248-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Home‐based nursing care competencies: A scoping review
Rusli, K. D. B., Tan, A. J. Q., Ong, S. F., Speed, S., Lau, Y., & Liaw, S. Y. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16169 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Evolution, Challenges, and Opportunities of Transportation Methods in the Last-Mile Delivery Process
Zhu, X., Cai, L., Lai, P., Wang, X., & Ma, F. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11100509 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cui, F., He, X., Zhai, Y., Lyu, M., Shi, J., Sun, D., Jiang, S., Li, C., & Zhao, J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/28009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The consultation quality increases with the advances of communication and digital conferencing technologies [42], which make it convenient for participants to have a more comprehensive and in-depth discussion.”
Toward digital transformation in healthcare: a framework for remote monitoring adoption
Binci, D., Palozzi, G., & Scafarto, F. (2021) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-04-2021-0109 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Solos, I., & Liang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.joim.2018.04.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
From COVID-19 Pandemic to Patient Safety: A New “Spring” for Telemedicine or a Boomerang Effect?
Micco, F. D., Fineschi, V., Banfi, G., Frati, P., Oliva, A., Travaini, G. V., Picozzi, M., Curcio, G., Pecchia, L., Petitti, T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.901788 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ethics, Guidelines, Standards, and Policy: Telemedicine, COVID-19, and Broadening the Ethical Scope
Kaplan, B. (2022) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180121000852 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“69,70,71 Such considerations were recognized as possibly impeding the expansion of telehealth services.”
BackgroundTrust transfer effects and associated risks in telemedicine adoption
Kuen, L., Schürmann, F., Westmattelmann, D., Hartwig, S., Tzafrir, S. S., & Schewe, G. (2023) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-023-00657-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Examples include telemonitoring or telemedical video consultation, which is among the most frequently used applications in the field (Parimbelli et al., 2018).”
BackgroundFrichi, Y., Jawab, F., & Boutahari, S. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16162899 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“[58] Discussing risks and legal implications of using modern telemedicine systems.”
BackgroundLim, H. M., Teo, C. H., Ng, C. J., Chiew, T. K., Ng, W. L., Abdullah, A. B., Hadi, H. A., Liew, C. S., & Chan, C. S. (2021) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/23427 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Consideration of patient safety was of the utmost importance, especially in designing the decision-making clinical algorithm and the active telemonitoring system that would help patients be safely monitored at home [18].”
Negash, Y. T., & Sarmiento, L. S. C. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13137 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Medical information exchange through information and communication technologies proved helpful in chronic disease management [41].”
BackgroundInfluentialBarriers and challenges of using health information technology in home care: a systematic review
Galavi, Z., Montazeri, M., & Ahmadian, L. (2022) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3492 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Silven, A. V., van Peet, P. G., Boers, S. N., Tabak, M., de Groot, A., Hendriks, D., van Os, H. J. A., Bonten, T. N., Atsma, D. E., de Graaf, et al. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07316-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In the specific case of responsibility and liability in the context of digital health, emerging dilemmas have been previously identified; however, limited actionable solutions exist [17, 18].”
BackgroundYoon, S., Ng, J. H., Kwan, Y. H., & Low, L. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.793473 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pros and cons of eHealth: A systematic review of the literature and observations in Denmark
Svendsen, M. T., Tiedemann, S. N., & Andersen, K. E. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211016179 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Present and future of telemedicine for pediatric care: an Italian regional experience
Zuccotti, G., Calcaterra, V., & Foppiani, A. (2023) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-023-01408-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Thus, the adoption of this tool remains a challenge in public services [24, 25].”
BackgroundTan, N.-G., Yang, L., Tan, M. Z.-W., Chng, J., Tan, M. H.-T., & Tan, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x20959579 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ethical, Legal, Organisational and Social Issues of Teleneurology: A Scoping Review
Torres‐Castaño, A., Sacks, A. A., Toledo‐Chávarri, A., Suárez-Herrera, J. C., Delgado, J., León‐Salas, B., González‐Hernández, Y., Carmona, M., & Serrano‐Aguilar, P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043694 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“An essential step towards wider adoption of these systems is to increase regulatory compliance, better define stakeholder responsibilities [88,93] and improve the necessary complementarity of TN with routine face-to-face care [94,95].”
BackgroundWellmann, N., Marc, M. S., Stoicescu, E. R., Pescaru, C. C., Trușculescu, A. A., Martis, F. G., Ciortea, I., Crișan, A. F., Balica, M. A., Velescu, D. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14080852 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Entire and uniform regulations are necessary for telehealth to function well [54].”
BackgroundA Novel Wearable Sensing Device Enabling Remote Palpation
Pompilio, M., D’Aurizio, N., Baldi, T. L., Franco, L., Gabriele, G., & Prattichizzo, D. (2024) · IEEE Haptics Symposium · doi:10.1109/haptics59260.2024.10520853 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is achieved through the optimization of clinical workflows and the elimination of travel-related expenses associated with hospital visits [1], [2].”
BackgroundSupramaniam, P., Beh, Y.-S., Junus, S., & Devesahayam, P. R. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21056-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tariciotti, L., Fiore, G., Carrabba, G. G., Bertani, G., Schisano, L., Borsa, S., Ferrante, E., Caccavella, V. M., Mattogno, P. P., Giordano, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences · doi:10.23736/s0390-5616.21.05295-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tel, A., Bortuzzo, F., Pascolo, P., Costa, F., Sembronio, S., Bresadola, V., Baldi, D., & Robiony, M. (2020) · Minerva Dental and Oral Science · doi:10.23736/s0026-4970.20.04274-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tele-Oral Oncology: Reinvigorating Telemedicine in Oral Cancer Care
Khoury, Z. H., & Sultan, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Cancer & Allied Specialties · doi:10.37029/jcas.v6i1.335 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“should give patients a sense of trust in TOO systems that their health records are safely accessible and confidential.[8,29]”
BackgroundFactors influencing Chinese doctors to use medical large language models
Qu, S., Liu, L., Zhou, M., Zhou, C., & Campy, K. S. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241297237 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“17,18 Two research hypotheses are proposed:H8: Perceived risk has a negative impact on doctors ’ perceived satisfaction in adopting MLLM. H9: Perceived risk has a negative in fl uence on doctors ’ use behavior in adopting MLLM. Post hoc analysis led to the examination of demographic variables as…”
BackgroundTelemedicine and the right to health: A neurosurgical perspective
Lassarén, P., Tewarie, I. A., Gerstl, J. V. E., Florman, J. E., Smith, T. R., & Broekman, M. L. D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.06.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pros and cons of telemedicine in diagnosis and management: A cross sectional survey
yassa, H. A., Hussein, A. A. R. M., Makhlouf, H. A., Makhlouf, N. A., Youssef, H. M. S., Sotohy, R. A., & Essa, A. A. (2022) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/12236 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Teleophthalmology For Anterior Segment Disease
Hu, W. F., & Lorch, A. (2019) · International Ophthalmology Clinics · doi:10.1097/iio.0000000000000287 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Governance in mental healthcare policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
Diaz‐Castro, L., Suárez-Herrera, J. C., Gonzalez-Ruiz, O. O., Orozco-Núñez, E., & Sánchez-Domínguez, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1017483 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Telemedicine and patients with heart failure: evidence and unresolved issues
Accorsi, T. A. D., dos Santos, G. G. R., Nemoto, R. P., Moreira, F. T., Lima, K. D. A., Kohler, K. F., Cordioli, E., & Pedrotti, C. H. S. (2024) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2024rw0393 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“(27) Several studies have addressed essential issues such as regulation, (28) ethics, (29,30) implementation strategy, (31) technology, (32) payment (33) and insurance (34) in TM. Telemedicine plays a role in preventing rehabilitation.”
BackgroundLegal and Regulatory Implications of Telemedicine
George, G., & Heitmann, B. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56917-4_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Telepsychiatry during the COVID-19 pandemic
Duncan, C., Serafica, R., Williams, D., Kuron, M., & Rogne, A. (2020) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000722356.37937.9a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The 4P telehealth business framework for Iran
Velayati, F., Ayatollahi, H., Hemmat, M., & Dehghan, R. (2022) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02011-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“, for example, emphasized the importance of developing a transparent, predictable, and sustainable regulatory framework for the telehealth industry in order to implement innovations and ensure maintaining high standards of patient safety [39].”
BackgroundRizos, F., Karanikas, H., Katsapi, A., Tsana, M., Tsoukas, V., Koukoulas, G., Drakopoulos, D., Katsiroumpa, A., & Galanis, P. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13091046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…part of clinicians and non-clinicians in terms of smart healthcare systems’ adoption [39]. autonomy, and other legal implications and liabilities [43], while other researchers present the high technological costs and the technical aptness of the tools [46,47], the limited broadband access [48],…”
Allah, M. A., Wahed, S., Ammar, I. A. E., Kamal, E., Alboraie, M. A. A., Abdel‐Razek, W., Hassany, M., El‐Serafy, M., Waked, I. A., & Doss, W. H. (2021) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.14982 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Telemedicine in Italy: Healthcare authorization profiles in the modern medico-legal reading
Bolcato, V., Basile, G., Prevot, L. B., Fassina, G., Rapuano, S., Brizioli, E., & Tronconi, L. (2024) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09246479241301640 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Türkyılmaz, S. (2023) · European journal of applied sciences · doi:10.14738/aivp.111.14101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fahlevi, M., Dandi, M., Asyrof, R. A., Dahlan, O. P., Asetya, D. R., & Dahlan, S. P. (2024) · International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS) · doi:10.1109/iciss62896.2024.10751614 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Die Implementierung der Telemedizin im urologischen Alltag
Struck, J. P., Wenzel, M., Heidenreich, A., Merseburger, A. S., & Salem, J. (2018) · Aktuelle Urologie · doi:10.1055/a-0741-6664 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“konnten 8 telemedizinische Problempunkte identifizieren, basierend auf ihren Erfahrungen durch die Betreuung zweier internationaler telemedizinischer Studien (MobiGuide und AP@home) [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialPositive examples of the artificial intelligence and telemedicine use in the healthcare
Дадаева, В. А., Stolyar, V. L., Ивановна, Л. Д., & Orlova, A. S. (2026) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed202629021109 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kurniawan, A., Gamelia, E., & Anandari, D. (2023) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2023.2592 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Briffault, X. (2018) · Érès eBooks · doi:10.3917/eres.hirsc.2018.01.0567 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Olorunsogo, T. O. (2024) · International Medical Science Research Journal · doi:10.51594/imsrj.v4i3.923 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Doctor at Your Fingertips: An Exploration of Digital Visits from Stakeholders’ Perspectives
Demi, S., Hilmy, S., & Keller, C. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11010006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[15] organized two workshops with stakeholders of telemedicine systems such as developers, physicians, legal experts, and nurses and identified risks of two systems, namely, MobiGuide and AP@home.”
BackgroundAlamri, A. F., Alomari, F. K., Danash, A. M., Aljoudi, M. T., Almasharqa, A. I., Almasloot, A., Alwhaibi, R. M., Hasan, M. M., & Zaidi, U. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416676 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Digital Transformation and Its Effects on Various Sectors
Hima Bindu, P., John Samuel, K., & Bhaskar Reddy, T. (2020) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2367-4.ch001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kadam, Y. P., Dagli, N., Venugopal, R., Raj, S., & Goel, S. (2025) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2025.2559842 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“39,40 Combining artificial intelligence with teleophthalmology can bring significant benefits to patients and the consultants if the concerns are addressed properly.”
Fitriana, M., & Achadi, A. (2022) · Journal of Indonesian Health Policy and Administration · doi:10.7454/ihpa.v7i3.6013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Framing eHealth Design on Critical Race Theory to Mitigate Barriers in Access to Healthcare
Gunther, C. B., Cross-Denny, B., Reyes, M. M., & Provenzano, D. (2022) · Advances in medical education, research, and ethics (AMERE) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9490-2.ch003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tafuro, A., & Dammacco, G. (2022) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8868-0.ch006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schmitt, T., Habimana, K., Gottlob, A., Habl, C., Plomariti, C. S., Farmaki, A., Bogiatzidis, P., Leclercq, V., Delnord, M., & den Bulcke, M. V. (2026) · Health Economics Policy and Law · doi:10.1017/s1744133125100273 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…regulatory framework and digital infrastructure can be stated as a prerequisite for equitable telemedicine implementation and its possible acceptance by (cancer) patients (Kobeissi and Hickey 2023; Knudsen et al. , 2021; Parimbelli et al. , 2018; Payne et al. , 2024; Ricke and Bartelink 2000).”
Letsa, B. S., Oppong, J., Ahmed, H., Kubio, C., Adofo, A. O., Amu, H., & Baiden, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1864794 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, it also highlights the need for ways to better engage male consumers, whose health-seeking behavior may be different or underrepresented (28).”
Taghipour, M. M., & Sepehri, M. M. (2020) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01170-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the risks, safety, legal implications, and liability of involved stakeholders should be taken into account [13].”
BackgroundTelemedicine and Healthcare Ecosystem in India: A Review, Critique and Research Agenda
Shukla, P. S., & Shamurailatpam, S. D. (2022) · TELe-Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99457-0_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Policy Recommendation for Telemedicine Services after Covid-19 Pandemic
Budiyanti, R. T., Suryawati, C., Murni, M., & Hanifah, M. (2022) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20225400019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Iyendo, T. O., Uwajeh, P. C., & Bamisaye, A. (2022) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23116-2_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SOG'LIQNI SAQLASHDA TELETIBBIYOT IMKONIYATLARI, XUSUSIYATLARI VA TO'SIQLARI
Karabayev, S., Xalilov, H., assistenti, T. T. A. N. V. P. F. K., Norberdiyev, S., Shadmanova, N., & t.f.n., T. T. A. N. V. P. F. K. A. (2023) · Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences · doi:10.37547/ejmns-v03-i02-p2-46 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Bemorlar endi uzun navbatlarda turishga majbur bo‘lmaydilar va shifokorlar bemorlar haqidagi ma’lumotlarga elektron fayllar yordamida qulayroq va samarali kirishlari hamda umumiy kutish vaqtlarini yo‘qotmaydilar[2].”
BackgroundTelemedicine Acceptance in Malaysia's Healthcare System: Systems Quality and Users Behaviour Matter
Ramli, R. B., & Yahya, H. (2023) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech59029.2023.10278060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Information and health literacy policies during pandemics: A narrative review
Mehrabad, S. D., Panahi, S., Sedghi, S., & Aryankhesal, A. (2024) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12544 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Telemedicine in Italy: Healthcare authorization profiles in the modern medico-legal reading
Bolcato, V., Basile, G., Prevot, L. B., Fassina, G., Rapuano, S., Brizioli, E., & Tronconi, L. (2024) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-240004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alshaikhi, O. A., Aldarsi, L. A., Basfar, I. A. A., Alshehri, A., Shuqdar, R. M., Ghazy, R. M., & Elrggal, M. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1426998 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mazaev, V. P., Komkov, A. A., Ryazanova, S. V., Samochatov, D. N., & Drapkina, O. M. (2020) · Современные проблемы науки и образования · doi:10.17513/spno.30478 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“В последнее время интенсивно разрабатывается нормативно-правовая база новых правил применения ИИ в медицине [32, 33].”
Almatrooshi, H. (2022) · doi:10.46289/cs12lq29 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Onlayn tibbiy xizmatlar va ularning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari
Askarov, J. T. (2022) · Общество и инновации · doi:10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss6/s-pp293-300
Ramli, R. B., & Yahya, H. (2022) · IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Data Science (BCD) · doi:10.1109/bcd54882.2022.9900610
“From the literatures, poor acceptance of telemedicine initiative has been generally established to be stemmed from factors such as unconventional medical consultation process [13, 14, 15, 16] , privacy and liability issues [17, 15] , system quality [18, 19, 20, 15, 13, 21, 22], resistance to technology [15, 18] , unsu…”
BackgroundMaslyakov, V. V., Solovieva, V. A., Gerasimova, T. A., Bachaeva, A. T., Dudaev, D. M., Saidova, M. I., & Mudueva, M. U. (2023) · Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine) · doi:10.33920/med-10-2302-02
Digital Health and Pharmacy: Evidence Synthesis and Applications
Hussain, R., Zainal, H., Noor, D. A. M., & Shakeel, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50247-8_80-1
Identifying the Challenges of Users in Using the Services of Electronic Health Platforms
salehnia, N., & Salehnia, F. (2023) · Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.34172/jhbmi.2023.05
Digital Health and Pharmacy: Evidence Synthesis and Applications
Hussain, R., Zainal, H., Noor, D. A. M., & Shakeel, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64477-2_80
The Implications of Telemedicine in Pediatric Health: Integration of Technology into Medicine
Alrashdan, O. S., & Alshurfat, M. O. (2024) · Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.005
A Comprehensive Analysis of: A Systematic Review
Lestari, D. E., Maulana, F. I., Purnomo, A., & Adi, P. D. P. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1463-6_30
Anesthesia Services Can be Provided via Telemedicine: An Assessment of the Readiness
Kohzadi, Z., Rahmatizadeh, S., Dabbagh, A., Emami, H., & Kohzadi, Z. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering · doi:10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2311-1686
“However, the term “telemedicine” has different mean - ings over time, the majority of these meanings align with the fundamental principles outlined by the American Telemedicine Association, showing that telemedicine utilizes electronic communications to enhance patients’ clinical health [3].”
Legal and ethical considerations in medical records management within emergency cardiology
Almanna, M. A., Alanazi, D. M., Alaujan, B. S., Zamzami, B. A., Almarzouq, Y. F., Ababtain, H. A., Alenizi, E. S., Alshaibani, . S., Alowaidan, . R., Alharbi, L. F., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v3ns1.15059
Audiophonologopedic Telerehabilitation: Advantages and Disadvantages from User Perspectives
Lauriello, M., Angelone, A. M., Iannotti, S., Nardecchia, E., Scopano, B., Fioretti, A. B., Ciancarelli, I., & Eibenstein, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11091073
“The chance of a “tailored” therapy based on the patient’s needs and preferences, combined with the flexibility of a remote therapeutic approach, contributes to the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process [26,27].”
BackgroundMirasghari, F., Ayatollahi, H., & Velayati, F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30168-1.00025-6
A Study on Telemedicine Facility at a Tertiary care hospital in South India
Pushpilata, A. S., Pillai, J. S. K., & Mondal, R. (2024) · Asian Journal of Management · doi:10.52711/2321-5763.2024.00051
Remote Consultation Appropriateness: Legal Issues and Ethical Concerns
Suzuki, E. C. (2025) · TELe-Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89661-3_4
Bioethics in information technologies in telehealth: a systematic review
dos Santos, W. O. M., Gonçalves, I. C. D. M., Duarte, G. G., Osis, S. L., de Farias, A. S., Santos, D. M., & Sachett, J. D. A. G. (2025) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420253475en
Bioética en las tecnologías de la información en telesalud: una revisión sistemática
dos Santos, W. O. M., Gonçalves, I. C. D. M., Duarte, G. G., Osis, S. L., de Farias, A. S., Santos, D. M., & Sachett, J. D. A. G. (2025) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420253475es
Schmitt, T., Habimana, K., Gottlob, A., Habl, C., Rosińska, M., Frydensberg, M. S., Jensen, C., Leclercq, V., Delnord, M., & den Bulcke, M. V. (2025) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-01-2025-0048
Policies and Practices of Cross-border Teleconsultation in Japan
Yan, Y., & Naito, T. (2025) · Juntendō Igaku/Juntendo igaku · doi:10.14789/ejmj.jmj25-0016-p
“As in other countries, concerns about legal liability and the risk of malpractice may cause Japanese doctors to hesitate in offering medical opinions or recommendations 8 ) .”
Silven, A. V., van Peet, P. G., Boers, S. N., Tabak, M., de Groot, A., Hendriks, D., van Os, H. J. A., Bonten, T. N., Atsma, D. E., de Graaf, T. J., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19094149
- Authors
- Parimbelli, E., Bottalico, B., Losiouk, E., Tomasi, M., Santosuosso, A., Lanzola, G., Quaglini, S., & Bellazzi, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Parimbelli, E.
- Venue
- International Journal of Medical Informatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 112
- Pages
- 90-98
- ISSN
- 1386-5056 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2794434368
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Medical Informatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (287811, 247138)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Medical and Health Sciences Research
- Keywords
- telemedicine, risk mitigation, legal framework, liability, stakeholder responsibility, home care, self-management, European regulation, telehealth adoption
- MeSH terms
- Stakeholder Participation, Delivery of Health Care, Europe, Humans, Risk Management, Liability, Legal, Telemedicine, Patient Safety
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