Investigating elastic relaxation effects on the optical properties of functionalised calcium carbonate compacts using optics-based Heckel analysis
Open accessAbstract
Heckel analysis is a widely used method for the characterisation of the compression behaviour of pharmaceutical samples during the preparation of solid dosage formulations. The present study introduces an optical version of the Heckel equation that is based on a combination of the conventional Heckel equation together with the linear relationship defined between the effective terahertz (THz) refractive index and the porosity of pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed optical Heckel equation allows us to, firstly, calculate the zero-porosity refractive index, and, secondly, predict the in-die development of the effective refractive index as a function of the compressive pressure during tablet compression. This was demonstrated for five batches of highly porous functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) excipient compacts. The close match observed between the estimated in-die effective refractive index and the measured/out-of-die effective THz refractive index supports the validity of the proposed form of the equation. By comparing the measured and estimated in-die tablet properties, a clear change in the porosity and hence, the effective refractive index, due to post-compression elastic relaxation of the FCC compacts, has been observed. We have, therefore, proposed a THz-based compaction setup that will permit in-line monitoring of processes during tablet compression. We envisage that this new approach in tracking powder properties introduced in this preliminary study will lead to the onset of further extensive and detailed future studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The lack of vacuum advantage is attributed to axial relaxation after compaction, as a higher compaction pressure causes more significant axial relaxation and greater changes in porosity.
“This is attributed to the axial relaxation after compaction, as a higher compaction pressure causes more significant axial relaxation [32] and greater changes in porosity.”
From Polymer Pellet Fabrication for Accurate THz-TDS Measurements (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Compression Strength of Porous Sintered Alumina and Zirconia
Ryshkewitch, E. (1953) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12837.x · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Modernizing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: from Batch to Continuous Production
Lee, S. L., O’Connor, T. F., Yang, X., Cruz, C. N., Chatterjee, S., Madurawe, R. D., Moore, C. M. V., Yu, L. X., & Woodcock, J. (2015) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation · doi:10.1007/s12247-015-9215-8 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Some considerations on powder compression equations
Kawakita, K., & Lüdde, K.-H. (1971) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/0032-5910(71)80001-3 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
An analysis of powder compaction phenomena
Heckel, R. W. (1961) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Compaction Behavior of Several Ceramic Powders
Cooper, A., & EATON, L. E. (1962) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11092.x · Cited by 339 · see citing works
A modified Drucker-Prager Cap model for die compaction simulation of pharmaceutical powders
Han, L., Elliott, J. A., Bentham, A. C., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Solids and Structures · doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.01.024 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Crystal habit and tableting behavior
Rasenack, N., & Müller, B. W. (2002) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00296-x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review
Markl, D., Strobel, A., Schlossnikl, R., Bøtker, J., Bawuah, P., Ridgway, C., Rantanen, J., Rades, T., Gane, P., Peiponen, K.-E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.017 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulatory Perspectives on Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Moving From Theory to Practice
Nasr, M. M., Krumme, M., Matsuda, Y., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.015 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
A simple predictive model for the tensile strength of binary tablets
Wu, C., Best, S. M., Bentham, A. C., et al. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2005.03.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The effect of temperature and pressure on the refractive index of some oxide glasses
Waxler, R. M., & CLEEK, G. W. (1973) · Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.6028/jres.077a.046 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Deformation of Particles during Briquetting
Hersey, J. A., & Rees, J. E. (1971) · Nature Physical Science · doi:10.1038/physci230096a0 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Pressure susceptibility of polymer tablets as a critical property: A modified heckel equation
Kuentz, M., & Leuenberger, H. (1999) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1021/js980369a · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Sun, C. C. (2004) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.10595 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Influence of Elastic Deformation of Particles on Heckel Analysis
Sun, C. C., & Grant, D. J. W. (2001) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1081/pdt-100000738 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Overview of Compaction Data Analysis Techniques
Çelik, M. (1992) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639049209058560 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Use of a Compaction Simulator System in Tabletting Research
Çelik, M., & Marshall, K. (1989) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639048909058530 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Heckel Plots as Indicators of Elastic Properties of Pharmaceuticals
Paronen, P. (1986) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639048609042616 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Limitations of the Heckel relation for predicting powder compaction mechanisms
Rue, P. J., & Rees, J. E. (1978) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13347.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Markl, D., Wang, P., Ridgway, C., Karttunen, A.-P., Chakraborty, M., Bawuah, P., Pääkkönen, P., Gane, P., Ketolainen, J., Peiponen, K.-E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.028 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationBawuah, P., Pierotic Mendia, A., Silfsten, P., Pääkkönen, P., Ervasti, T., Ketolainen, J., Zeitler, J. A., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationThe elastic relaxation of starch tablets during ejection
Anuar, M. S., & Briscoe, B. J. (2009) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.05.019 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Interpretation of Powder Compaction Data - a Critical Review
Krycer, I., Pope, D. G., & Hersey, J. A. (1982) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639048209022103 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Markl, D., Wang, P., Ridgway, C. J., Karttunen, A.-P., Bawuah, P., Ketolainen, J., Gane, P. A. C., Peiponen∥, K.-E., & Zeitler, J. A. (2018) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2017.12.048 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBawuah, P., Tan, N., Tweneboah, S. N. A., Ervasti, T., Axel Zeitler, J., Ketolainen, J., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFast and non-destructive pore structure analysis using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Markl, D., Bawuah, P., Ridgway, C., van den Ban, S., Goodwin, D. J., Ketolainen, J., Gane, P., Peiponen, K.-E., & Zeitler, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationStirnimann, T., Atria, S., Schoelkopf, J., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.027 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bawuah, P., Silfsten, P., Ervasti, T., Ketolainen, J., Zeitler, J. A., & Peiponen∥, K.-E. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting mechanical properties of compacts containing two components
van Veen, B., Maarschalk, K. V. D. V., Bolhuis, G. K., et al. (2004) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2003.11.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A model for the yield strength of binary blends of thermoplastics
Kolařı́k, J. (1994) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/0032-3861(94)90539-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bawuah, P., Chakraborty, M., Ervasti, T., Zeitler, J. A., Ketolainen, J., Gane, P. A. C., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.026 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationChakraborty, M., Bawuah, P., Tan, N. Y. J., Ervasti, T., Pääkkönen, P., Zeitler, J. A., Ketolainen, J., & Peiponen∥, K.-E. (2016) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-016-0262-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEquation of state for a highly porous material
Bel’kheeva, R. K. (2015) · High Temperature · doi:10.1134/s0018151x15020054 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An apparatus for the study of strain recovery in compacts
Baily, E. D., & York, P. (1976) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/bf00540880 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chakraborty, M., Ridgway, C. J., Bawuah, P., Markl, D., Gane, P. A. C., Ketolainen, J., Zeitler, J. A., & Peiponen, K.-E. (2017) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.093 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSalleh, F. S. M., Yusof, Y. A., Anuar, M. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Food Process Engineering · doi:10.1111/jfpe.12165 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Characterizing Compaction-Induced Thermodynamic Changes in a Common Pharmaceutical Excipient
Wurster, D. E., & Buckner, I. S. (2012) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23226 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Heckel, R.W., 1961a. Density-Pressure Relationships in Powder Compaction. Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221, 671-675.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Polymer Pellet Fabrication for Accurate THz-TDS Measurements
Murphy, K. N., Naftaly, M., Nordon, A., & Markl, D. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12073475 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Bawuah, P., Karttunen, A.-P., Markl, D., Ridgway, C., Korhonen, O., Gane, P., Zeitler, J. A., Ketolainen, J., & Peiponen, K.-E.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Omya (Switzerland) (CH)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bawuah, Prince
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 544
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 278-284
- ISSN
- 0378-5173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2801739492
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- erepo.uef.fi
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Granular flow and fluidized beds
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mineral Processing and Grinding
- Keywords
- Heckel analysis, terahertz refractive index, tablet porosity, elastic relaxation, tablet compression, real-time process monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Calcium Carbonate, Excipients, Pressure, Refractometry, Tablets, Technology, Pharmaceutical, Porosity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
