How stressful are 105days of isolation? Sleep EEG patterns and tonic cortisol in healthy volunteers simulating manned flight to Mars
Abstract
Spaceflights "environment" negatively affects sleep and its functions. Among the different causes promoting sleep alterations, such as circadian rhythms disruption and microgravity, stress is of great interest also for earth-based sleep medicine. This study aims to evaluate the relationships between stress related to social/environmental confinement and sleep in six healthy volunteers involved in the simulation of human flight to Mars (MARS500). Volunteers were sealed in a spaceship simulator for 105 days and studied at 5 specific time-points of the simulation period. Sleep EEG, urinary cortisol (24 h preceding sleep EEG recording) and subjectively perceived stress levels were collected. Cognitive abilities and emotional state were evaluated before and after the simulation. Sleep EEG parameters in the time (latency, duration) and frequency (power and hemispheric lateralization) domains were evaluated. Neither cognitive and emotional functions alterations nor abnormal stress levels were found. Higher cortisol levels were associated to: (i) decrease of sleep duration, increase of arousals, and shortening of REM latency; (ii) reduction of delta power and enhancement of sigma and beta in NREM N3; and (iii) left lateralization of delta activity (NREM and REM) and right lateralization of beta activity (NREM). Stressful conditions, even with cortisol fluctuations in the normal range, alter sleep structure and sleep EEG spectral content, mirroring pathological conditions such as prim…
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High urinary cortisol levels were associated with a reduction of delta power, enhancement of sigma and beta in NREM N3, right lateralization of beta activity in NREM, and left lateralization of delta activity (NREM and REM).
“Also, high urinary cortisol levels were associated with a reduction of delta power, enhancement of sigma and beta in NREM N3, right lateralization of beta activity in NREM, and left lateralization of delta activity (NREM and REM) [18].”
In six healthy male volunteers in a 105-day isolation facility mock Mars mission, high urinary cortisol levels were associated with increased arousal, decreased sleep duration, and shortened REM latency.
“EEG results showed that when high urinary cortisol levels were found, concomitantly there was an increase of arousal, a decrease of sleep duration, and shortening of REM latency.”
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- Authors
- Gemignani, A., Piarulli, A., Menicucci, D., Laurino, M., Rota, G., Mastorci, F., Gushin, V., Shevchenko, O., Garbella, E., Pingitore, A., Sebastiani, L., Bergamasco, M., L'Abbate, A., Allegrini, P., & Bedini, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (IT)
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Gemignani, Angelo
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 211-219
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964350714
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- social isolation, sleep EEG, urinary cortisol, stress, Mars-500, sleep architecture, REM latency, delta power, hemispheric lateralization, sleep arousal, cognitive function, emotional state, allostatic load, long-duration spaceflight, circadian rhythm disruption, microgravity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Sleep, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Space Simulation, Principal Component Analysis, Brain Waves, Healthy Volunteers
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