Are corticothalamic ‘up’ states fragments of wakefulness?
Open accessAbstract
The slow (<1 Hz) oscillation, with its alternating 'up' and 'down' states in individual neurons, is a defining feature of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Although this oscillation is well preserved across mammalian species, its physiological role is unclear. Electrophysiological and computational evidence from the cortex and thalamus now indicates that slow-oscillation 'up' states and the 'activated' state of wakefulness are remarkably similar dynamic entities. This is consistent with behavioural experiments suggesting that slow-oscillation 'up' states provide a context for the replay, and possible consolidation, of previous experience. In this scenario, the T-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent bursts of action potentials that initiate each 'up' state in thalamocortical (TC) neurons might function as triggers for synaptic and cellular plasticity in corticothalamic networks. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com).
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There is evidence that ODP critically depends on T-type calcium channel function, which also plays an essential role in generating spindles and slow oscillations during non-REM sleep.
“Interestingly, there is evidence that ODP critically depends on the T-type calcium channel function ( 1224), which also plays an essential role in the generation of spindles and slow oscillations during non-REM sleep (282, 283).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [282]
Box 1 (Concluding remarks; page unavailable) describes T-type Ca²⁺ channel-mediated bursts at the start of slow-oscillation UP states and links sleep spindles to those states. The section on T-type Ca²⁺ channel-mediated bursts proposes that these bursts might trigger UP states, but the paper does not establish that T-type channel function is essential to generating both spindles and slow oscillations. The ODP claim is attached to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSlow waves in NREM sleep reflect a slow oscillation of cortical neurons between UP and DOWN states.
“We now know that slow waves in NREM sleep reflect a slow oscillation of cortical neurons between UP and DOWN states (Fig. 2)[77, 78].”
From Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology (2010) · cites this paper as [77]
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- Authors
- Destexhe, A., Hughes, S. W., Rudolph, M., & Crunelli, V.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crunelli, Vincenzo
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 334-342
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3005711
- OpenAlex
- W2157964542
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (078403, 078311, 78403, 78311, 071436, 71436)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- slow oscillations, wakefulness, slow-wave sleep, thalamocortical neurons, T-type calcium channels, synaptic plasticity, memory consolidation, neural replay, EEG oscillations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Clocks, Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalography, Humans, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Thalamus, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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