Sleep deficiency in spaceflight is associated with degraded neurobehavioral functions and elevated stress in astronauts on six-month missions aboard the International Space Station
Open accessAbstract
Astronauts are required to maintain optimal neurobehavioral functioning despite chronic exposure to the stressors and challenges of spaceflight. Sleep of adequate quality and duration is fundamental to neurobehavioral functioning, however astronauts commonly experience short sleep durations in spaceflight (<6 h). As humans embark on long-duration space exploration missions, there is an outstanding need to identify the consequences of sleep deficiency in spaceflight on neurobehavioral functions. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal study that examined the sleep-wake behaviors, neurobehavioral functions, and ratings of stress and workload of N = 24 astronauts before, during, and after 6-month missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The computerized, Reaction SelfTest (RST), gathered astronaut report of sleep–wake behaviors, stress, workload, and somatic behavioral states; the RST also objectively assessed vigilant attention (i.e. Psychomotor Vigilance Test-Brief). Data collection began 180 days before launch, continued every 4 days in-flight aboard the ISS, and up to 90 days post-landing, which produced N = 2,856 RSTs. Consistent with previous ISS studies, astronauts reported sleeping ~6.5 h in-flight. The adverse consequences of short sleep were observed across neurobehavioral functions, where sleep durations <6 h were associated with significant reductions in psychomotor response speed, elevated stress, and higher workload. Sleep durations <5 h were associated with elevated negative somatic behavioral states. Furthermore, longer sleep durations had beneficial effects on astronaut neurobehavioral functions. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of sleep for the maintenance of neurobehavioral functioning and as with humans on Earth, astronauts would likely benefit from interventions that promote sleep duration and quality.
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In astronauts, a sleep duration of less than 6 hours was correlated with impairments in sustained attention and a decrease in mood on the following day.
“In astronauts, a sleep duration of <6 h was correlated with impairments in sustained attention and a decrease in mood on the following day11.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results section ('Sleep duration and neurobehavioral functions during spaceflight'; page unavailable) reports slower psychomotor-vigilance response speed after shorter sleep, supporting the sustained-attention part. It also reports greater fatigue, sleepiness, tiredness, and stress, but does not establish a decrease in mood specifically. The Reaction SelfTest section describes sleep reports and behavioral testing, consistent with assessment after sleep. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAstronauts sleep only about six hours per night, resulting in chronic sleep deprivation over time.
“Although the use of sleep-promoting drugs is common, astronauts sleep only about six hours per night, resulting in chronic sleep deprivation over time9–11.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
The results might not generalize to chronic sleep deprivation, which is highly prevalent in space missions and many other occupational contexts.
“Our results might not generalize to chronic sleep deprivation, which is highly prevalent in space missions9,11 and many other occupational contexts61.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Jones, C. W., Basner, M., Mollicone, D. J., Mott, C. M., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Pulsar Informatics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dinges, David F
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-01-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC8919197
- OpenAlex
- W4206645043
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AY09G)
- National Institutes of Health (5T32HL007713)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- insufficient sleep, short sleep duration, astronauts, spaceflight, International Space Station, neurobehavioral performance, stress, workload, psychomotor vigilance, reaction time, sleep-wake behavior, long-duration spaceflight
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Sleep, Space Flight, Time Factors, Astronauts
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