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Cited by 206Inflammasome and immune disordersImmune Response and InflammationCell death mechanisms and regulation

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Intracellular Interleukin-1 Receptor 2 Binding Prevents Cleavage and Activity of Interleukin-1α, Controlling Necrosis-Induced Sterile Inflammation

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Zheng, Yue, Humphry, Melanie, Maguire, Janet J., Bennett, Martin R., Clarke, Murray C.H.·2013·Immunity
DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.008PMC PMC3659285
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Abstract

Necrosis can induce profound inflammation or be clinically silent. However, the mechanisms underlying such tissue specificity are unknown. Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a key danger signal released upon necrosis that exerts effects on both innate and adaptive immunity and is considered to be constitutively active. In contrast, we have shown that necrosis-induced IL-1α activity is tightly controlled in a cell type-specific manner. Most cell types examined expressed a cytosolic IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) whose binding to pro-IL-1α inhibited its cytokine activity. In cell types exhibiting a silent necrotic phenotype, IL-1R2 remained associated with pro-IL-1α. Cell types possessing inflammatory necrotic phenotypes either lacked IL-1R2 or had activated caspase-1 before necrosis, which degraded and dissociated IL-1R2 from pro-IL-1α. Full IL-1α activity required cleavage by calpain after necrosis, which increased its affinity for IL-1 receptor 1. Thus, we report a cell type-dependent process that fundamentally governs IL-1α activity postnecrosis and the mechanism allowing conditional release of this blockade.

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Graphical abstract CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 1 Necrosis-Induced Sterile Inflammation Is Cell Type Specific (A) IL-6 concentrations in conditioned media of macrophages (Macs), Jurkat cells, or VSMCs incubated with lysates from their respective necrotic cells or with IL-1α. (B and C) Immunoblots of IL-1α content and processing in whole cell (WC) or necrotic lysates (NL) (B) or in necrotic cell lysates pretreated with protease inhibitors as indicated (C). (D and E) IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations in conditioned media of VSMCs incubated with necrotic VSMC lysates made in the presence of protease inhibitors (D), or with IL-1α alone, or with calpeptin or EGTA (E). Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p ≤ 0.007 versus control, n = 3; ∗∗p ≤ 0.03 (MCP-1), p ≤ 0.002 (IL-6), n ≥ 4. NS, not significant. See also Figure S1.
Figure 1 Necrosis-Induced Sterile Inflammation Is Cell Type Specific (A) IL-6 concentrations in conditioned media of macrophages (Macs), Jurkat cells, or VSMCs incubated with lysates from their respective necrotic cells or with IL-1α. (B and C) Immunoblots of IL-1α content and processing in whole cell (WC) or necrotic lysates (NL) (B) or in necrotic cell lysates pretreated with protease inhibitors as indicated (C). (D and E) IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations in conditioned media of VSMCs incubated with necrotic VSMC lysates made in the presence of protease inhibitors (D), or with IL-1α alone, or with calpeptin or EGTA (E). Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p ≤ 0.007 versus control, n = 3; ∗∗p ≤ 0.03 (MCP-1), p ≤ 0.002 (IL-6), n ≥ 4. NS, not significant. See also Figure S1.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Calpain-Cleaved p33 and Recombinant p17 Is More Active than p33 IL-1α (A) Cytokine concentrations in conditioned media of VSMCs treated with p33 or calpain-cleaved p33, ± IL-1α neutralizing antibody (α pAb). (B) VSMCs were also treated with calpain sham reactions (no p33) or commercial recombinant p17 IL-1α (cr17) ± calpain sham. (C) IL-2 concentration in conditioned media of murine EL4 cells treated with p33 ± calpain. (D) Immunoblot of in vitro cleavage of p33 by calpain. (E) Coomassie stain of purified soluble p17- and p33-GST fusion proteins. (F and G) IL-2 (F) or IL-6 (G) concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 or VSMCs, respectively, treated with 1 nM p17- or p33-GST ± α pAb. (H) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with p33-GST ± calpain, and ± α pAb. (I) GR1+ cells recruited intraperitoneally in wild-type or Il1r1−/− mice injected with saline or 29 fmol/g p17 or p33. Data represent mean ± SD or mean ± SEM (I); ∗p ≤ 0.0003, n = 4 (A), n = 3 (B, C) protein preparations and cleavage reactions; ∗∗p ≤ 0.007, n = 4. NS, not significant.
Figure 2 Calpain-Cleaved p33 and Recombinant p17 Is More Active than p33 IL-1α (A) Cytokine concentrations in conditioned media of VSMCs treated with p33 or calpain-cleaved p33, ± IL-1α neutralizing antibody (α pAb). (B) VSMCs were also treated with calpain sham reactions (no p33) or commercial recombinant p17 IL-1α (cr17) ± calpain sham. (C) IL-2 concentration in conditioned media of murine EL4 cells treated with p33 ± calpain. (D) Immunoblot of in vitro cleavage of p33 by calpain. (E) Coomassie stain of purified soluble p17- and p33-GST fusion proteins. (F and G) IL-2 (F) or IL-6 (G) concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 or VSMCs, respectively, treated with 1 nM p17- or p33-GST ± α pAb. (H) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with p33-GST ± calpain, and ± α pAb. (I) GR1+ cells recruited intraperitoneally in wild-type or Il1r1−/− mice injected with saline or 29 fmol/g p17 or p33. Data represent mean ± SD or mean ± SEM (I); ∗p ≤ 0.0003, n = 4 (A), n = 3 (B, C) protein preparations and cleavage reactions; ∗∗p ≤ 0.007, n = 4. NS, not significant.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3 p33 IL-1α Shows Minimal Activity at Physiological Concentrations because of Lower Receptor Affinity (A and B) Concentration-response curves to p17 and p33, minus control, in VSMCs (50 pM to 8 nM) (A) or EL4 cells (5 pM to 8 nM) (B). (C and D) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media from EL4 cells treated with p17 or p33 at 4 nM (C), and 0.1 nM p17 or 4 nM p33 (D), with increasing concentrations of IL-1RA. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p ≤ 0.03, n = 3 (A), n ≥ 4 (B); for difference in IC50 p < 0.0001 (C), p = 0.52 (D), n = 3. See also Figure S2.
Figure 3 p33 IL-1α Shows Minimal Activity at Physiological Concentrations because of Lower Receptor Affinity (A and B) Concentration-response curves to p17 and p33, minus control, in VSMCs (50 pM to 8 nM) (A) or EL4 cells (5 pM to 8 nM) (B). (C and D) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media from EL4 cells treated with p17 or p33 at 4 nM (C), and 0.1 nM p17 or 4 nM p33 (D), with increasing concentrations of IL-1RA. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p ≤ 0.03, n = 3 (A), n ≥ 4 (B); for difference in IC50 p < 0.0001 (C), p = 0.52 (D), n = 3. See also Figure S2.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4 An Intracellular Form of IL-1R2 Protects IL-1α from Calpain Processing (A and B) Immunoblot for endogenous IL-1α processing in necrotic lysates of primary macrophages (Macs) and Jurkat cells (A), for exogenous His-p33 in necrotic Jurkat lysates (A), or for Jurkat necrotic lysates treated with increasing amounts of purified calpain (B). (C and D) Immunoblot of whole cell (WC) and necrotic (NL) Jurkat and VSMC lysates for α-spectrin (C) or IL-1α after mixing of lysates from both cell types (D). (E and F) RT-PCR (E) or immunoblot (F) for IL-1 receptors in VSMCs and Jurkat cells. (G and H) Immunoblot for IL-1α cleavage in a cell-free system with purified calpain (G) and in necrotic VSMC lysates (H), ± 250 ng IL-1R2. (I and J) Coimmunoprecipitation of IL-1R2 with p33-GST (I) and p33 with IL-1R2-HIS (J) in transfected HEK cell lysates. See also Figure S3.
Figure 4 An Intracellular Form of IL-1R2 Protects IL-1α from Calpain Processing (A and B) Immunoblot for endogenous IL-1α processing in necrotic lysates of primary macrophages (Macs) and Jurkat cells (A), for exogenous His-p33 in necrotic Jurkat lysates (A), or for Jurkat necrotic lysates treated with increasing amounts of purified calpain (B). (C and D) Immunoblot of whole cell (WC) and necrotic (NL) Jurkat and VSMC lysates for α-spectrin (C) or IL-1α after mixing of lysates from both cell types (D). (E and F) RT-PCR (E) or immunoblot (F) for IL-1 receptors in VSMCs and Jurkat cells. (G and H) Immunoblot for IL-1α cleavage in a cell-free system with purified calpain (G) and in necrotic VSMC lysates (H), ± 250 ng IL-1R2. (I and J) Coimmunoprecipitation of IL-1R2 with p33-GST (I) and p33 with IL-1R2-HIS (J) in transfected HEK cell lysates. See also Figure S3.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Silencing of IL-1R2 Enables IL-1α Processing and Restores Necrotic Cell-Induced Inflammation (A–C) siRNA-mediated silencing reduces IL-1R2 mRNA (A) and protein in whole cell (WC) and necrotic lysates (NL) (B), which leads to calpain-dependent IL-1α cleavage upon necrosis (C) that is inhibited with calpeptin (+C). (D and E) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with necrotic lysates from HeLa cells treated with siRNA to IL-1R2 or scrambled, either alone (D) or with IL-1β treatment (E), ± α pAb. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p = 0.0007, n = 3 independent silencings and treatments. NS, not significant. (F) GR1+ cells recruited intraperitoneally in wild-type or Il1r1−/− mice injected with saline or 8.3 × 105 control or IL-1R2-silenced necrotic HeLa cells. Data represent mean ± SEM; ∗∗p ≤ 0.006, n ≥ 4. NS, not significant. (G) Immunoblot for IL-1R2 and IL-1α in necrotic lysates of empty vector or soluble IL-1R2-transfected VSMCs. See also Figure S4.
Figure 5 Silencing of IL-1R2 Enables IL-1α Processing and Restores Necrotic Cell-Induced Inflammation (A–C) siRNA-mediated silencing reduces IL-1R2 mRNA (A) and protein in whole cell (WC) and necrotic lysates (NL) (B), which leads to calpain-dependent IL-1α cleavage upon necrosis (C) that is inhibited with calpeptin (+C). (D and E) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with necrotic lysates from HeLa cells treated with siRNA to IL-1R2 or scrambled, either alone (D) or with IL-1β treatment (E), ± α pAb. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p = 0.0007, n = 3 independent silencings and treatments. NS, not significant. (F) GR1+ cells recruited intraperitoneally in wild-type or Il1r1−/− mice injected with saline or 8.3 × 105 control or IL-1R2-silenced necrotic HeLa cells. Data represent mean ± SEM; ∗∗p ≤ 0.006, n ≥ 4. NS, not significant. (G) Immunoblot for IL-1R2 and IL-1α in necrotic lysates of empty vector or soluble IL-1R2-transfected VSMCs. See also Figure S4.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Caspase-1 Cleavage of IL-1R2 Restores Necrotic Cell-Induced IL-1α-Dependent Inflammation (A) Immunoblot for IL-1α in necrotic lysates from LPS- and ATP-treated macrophages ± calpeptin (during lysis) or ± caspase inhibitor Z-VAD (during LPS and ATP treatment). (B) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with necrotic lysates from control or LPS- and ATP-treated macrophages ± α and/or β pAb, or ± Z-VAD (during LPS and ATP treatment). Data represent mean ± SEM; ∗p < 0.00004, ∗∗p ≤ 0.02, n ≥ 3. (C and D) Immunoblot for IL-1R2 cleavage after incubation with active caspase-1 ± Z-YVAD (C) or a panel of active caspases (D). (E) Edman degradation of cleaved IL-1R2 detected two sequences (italic underlined) corresponding to processing at two tetrapeptide sites (large bold). (F) Immunoblot for cleaved IL-1R2 after mutation of both caspase-1 sites. (G) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with IL-1α, and IL-1R2 ± caspase-1 cleavage. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p = 0.009, n = 3. (H) IL-1α concentration in conditioned media of activated THP-1 cells transfected with caspase site mutant IL-1R2, or as indicated. Data representative of mean ± SD from n = 2. See also Figure S5.
Figure 6 Caspase-1 Cleavage of IL-1R2 Restores Necrotic Cell-Induced IL-1α-Dependent Inflammation (A) Immunoblot for IL-1α in necrotic lysates from LPS- and ATP-treated macrophages ± calpeptin (during lysis) or ± caspase inhibitor Z-VAD (during LPS and ATP treatment). (B) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with necrotic lysates from control or LPS- and ATP-treated macrophages ± α and/or β pAb, or ± Z-VAD (during LPS and ATP treatment). Data represent mean ± SEM; ∗p < 0.00004, ∗∗p ≤ 0.02, n ≥ 3. (C and D) Immunoblot for IL-1R2 cleavage after incubation with active caspase-1 ± Z-YVAD (C) or a panel of active caspases (D). (E) Edman degradation of cleaved IL-1R2 detected two sequences (italic underlined) corresponding to processing at two tetrapeptide sites (large bold). (F) Immunoblot for cleaved IL-1R2 after mutation of both caspase-1 sites. (G) IL-2 concentrations in conditioned media of EL4 cells incubated with IL-1α, and IL-1R2 ± caspase-1 cleavage. Data represent mean ± SD; ∗p = 0.009, n = 3. (H) IL-1α concentration in conditioned media of activated THP-1 cells transfected with caspase site mutant IL-1R2, or as indicated. Data representative of mean ± SD from n = 2. See also Figure S5.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Zheng, Y., Humphry, M., Maguire, J. J., Bennett, M. R., & Clarke, M. C. H.
Affiliations
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author
Clarke, Murray C.H.
ORCID
Venue
Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-02
Volume
38
Issue
2
Pages
285-295
ISSN
1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.008
PMC
PMC3659285
OpenAlex
W2038182824
Cited by
205
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22
FWCI
11.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Apollo (cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research
  • British Heart Foundation (RG/08/009/25841, PG/06/024/20354, FS/13/3/30038, RG04/001, FS/09/005/26845)
  • NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Keywords
interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 receptor 2, sterile inflammation, necrosis, caspase-1, calpain, IL-1 receptor 1, damage-associated molecular patterns
MeSH terms
Animals, Calpain, Cell Line, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Inflammation, Necrosis, Organ Specificity, Protein Binding, Protein Precursors, Signal Transduction, Caspase 1, Mice, Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II, Interleukin-1alpha, Proteolysis

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