The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smart anomaly detection in sensor systems: A multi-perspective review
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Most existing research and industrial practice in railway cybersecurity focus on incident response, supply chain security, or high-level governance models, with less attention given to sensor-level risk mechanisms that underpin system reliability.
“However, most existing research and industrial practice in railway cybersecurity focus on incident response, supply chain security, or high-level governance models, with less attention given to the sensor-level risk mechanisms that underpin system reliability [11,12,13].”
From Sensor-Based Cyber Risk Management in Railway Infrastructure Under the NIS2 Directive (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pimentel, M. A. F., Clifton, D. A., Clifton, L., & Tarassenko, L. (2014) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2013.12.026 · Cited by 1,649
A Survey on the Edge Computing for the Internet of Things
Yu, W., Liang, F., He, X., Hatcher, W. G., Lu, C., Lin, J., & Yang, X. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2778504 · Cited by 1,520 · cited 2×
“This trend has also been documented in [8], whereby the focuswas on comparing IoT deployments on different architectural models, based on Cloud and Edge computing, respectively.”
MethodLSTM-based Encoder-Decoder for Multi-sensor Anomaly Detection
Malhotra, P., Ramakrishnan, A., Anand, G., Vig, L., Agarwal, P., & Shroff, G. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1607.00148 · Cited by 819
Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection for EEG Waveforms Using Deep Belief Nets
Wulsin, D., Blanco, J., Mani, R., & Litt, B. (2010) · 2010 Ninth International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications · doi:10.1109/icmla.2010.71 · Cited by 98 · cited 2×
“DBNs can scale to large datasets and can improve inter-pretability as demonstrated by Wulsin et al. in [82].”
BackgroundMethod
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 79
- Ge, 2018, Big data for internet of things: A survey, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 87, 601, 10.1016/j.future.2018.04.053 · DOI
- Chandola, 2009, Anomaly detection: A survey, ACM Comput. Surv., 41, 1, 10.1145/1541880.1541882 · DOI · Paper page
- Atzori, 2010, The Internet of Things: A survey, Comput. Netw., 54, 2787, 10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010 · DOI · Paper page
- Fortino, 2018, Agent-oriented cooperative smart objects: From IoT system design to implementation, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst., 48, 1939, 10.1109/TSMC.2017.2780618 · DOI
- Qiu, 2016, A survey of machine learning for big data processing, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process., 2016, 67, 10.1186/s13634-016-0355-x · DOI
- Pace, 2019, Intelligence at the edge of complex networks: The case of cognitive transmission power control, IEEE Wirel. Commun., 26, 97, 10.1109/MWC.2019.1800354 · DOI
- Hodge, 2004, A survey of outlier detection methodologies, Artif. Intell. Rev., 22, 85, 10.1023/B:AIRE.0000045502.10941.a9 · DOI · Paper page
- Salehi, 2018, A survey on anomaly detection in evolving data: [with application to forest fire risk prediction], ACM SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 20, 13, 10.1145/3229329.3229332 · DOI
- Chandola, 2012, Anomaly detection for discrete sequences: A survey, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., 24, 823, 10.1109/TKDE.2010.235 · DOI
- Behniafar, 2018, A survey of anomaly detection approaches in internet of things, ISC Int. J. Inf. Secur., 10, 79
- Markou, 2003, Novelty detection: a review-part 2: neural network based approaches, Signal Process., 83, 2499, 10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.019 · DOI
- Markou, 2003, Novelty detection: a review-part 1: statistical approaches, Signal Process., 83, 2481, 10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.018 · DOI
- Xie, 2011, Anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks: A survey, J. Netw. Comput. Appl., 34, 1302, 10.1016/j.jnca.2011.03.004 · DOI
- Ni, 2009, Sensor network data fault types, ACM Trans. Sensor Netw., 5, 25:1, 10.1145/1525856.1525863 · DOI
- Sharma, 2010, Sensor faults: Detection methods and prevalence in real-world datasets, ACM Trans. Sensor Netw., 6, 1, 10.1145/1754414.1754419 · DOI
- Yao, 2010, Online anomaly detection for sensor systems: A simple and efficient approach, Perform. Eval., 67, 1059, 10.1016/j.peva.2010.08.018 · DOI
- Cauteruccio, 2021, A framework for anomaly detection and classification in multiple IoT scenarios, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 114, 322, 10.1016/j.future.2020.08.010 · DOI
- Koroniotis, 2019, Towards the development of realistic botnet dataset in the internet of things for network forensic analytics: BoT-IoT dataset., Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 100, 779, 10.1016/j.future.2019.05.041 · DOI · Paper page
- Ahmad, 2017, Unsupervised real-time anomaly detection for streaming data, Neurocomputing, 262, 134, 10.1016/j.neucom.2017.04.070 · DOI
- Campos, 2016, On the evaluation of unsupervised outlier detection: measures, datasets, and an empirical study, Data Min. Knowl. Discov., 30, 891, 10.1007/s10618-015-0444-8 · DOI
- Zimek, 2018, There and back again: Outlier detection between statistical reasoning and data mining algorithms, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Data Min. Knowl. Discov., 8
- Mohamudally, 2018, Building an anomaly detection engine (ADE) for IoT smart applications, Procedia Comput. Sci., 134, 10, 10.1016/j.procs.2018.07.138 · DOI
- Munir, 2019, FuseAD: Unsupervised anomaly detection in streaming sensors data by fusing statistical and deep learning models, Sensors, 19, 2451, 10.3390/s19112451 · DOI
- Serdio, 2014, Fault detection in multi-sensor networks based on multivariate time-series models and orthogonal transformations, Inf. Fusion, 20, 272, 10.1016/j.inffus.2014.03.006 · DOI
- Rajagopalan, 2006, Symbolic time series analysis via wavelet-based partitioning, Signal Process., 86, 3309, 10.1016/j.sigpro.2006.01.014 · DOI
- I. Mani, I. Zhang, kNN approach to unbalanced data distributions: a case study involving information extraction, in: Proceedings of Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets, Vol. 126, 2003.
- Ting, 2002, An instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., 659, 10.1109/TKDE.2002.1000348 · DOI
- Weiss, 2003, Learning when training data are costly: The effect of class distribution on tree induction, J. Artif. Intell. Res., 19, 315, 10.1613/jair.1199 · DOI · Paper page
- Joshi, 2001, Mining needle in a haystack: Classifying rare classes via two-phase rule induction, SIGMOD Rec., 30, 91, 10.1145/376284.375673 · DOI
- A. Javaid, Q. Niyaz, W. Sun, M. Alam, A deep learning approach for network intrusion detection system, in: Proceedings of the 9th EAI International Conference on Bio-Inspired Information and Communications Technologies (Formerly BIONETICS), 2016, pp. 21–26. · DOI
- Fiore, 2013, Network anomaly detection with the restricted Boltzmann machine, Neurocomputing, 122, 13, 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.11.050 · DOI · Paper page
- Garcia-Font, 2016, A comparative study of anomaly detection techniques for smart city wireless sensor networks, Sensors, 16, 868, 10.3390/s16060868 · DOI
- Chincoli, 2018, Self-learning power control in wireless sensor networks, Sensors, 18, 375, 10.3390/s18020375 · DOI
- Sari, 2015, A review of anomaly detection systems in cloud networks and survey of cloud security measures in cloud storage applications, J. Inf. Secur., 6, 142
- Janssens, 2016, Convolutional neural network based fault detection for rotating machinery, J. Sound Vib., 377, 331, 10.1016/j.jsv.2016.05.027 · DOI
- Chen, 2020, Convolutional neural network analysis of recurrence plots for anomaly detection, Int. J. Bifur. Chaos Appl. Sci. Eng., 30, 10.1142/S0218127420500029 · DOI
- Lipton, 2015, A critical review of recurrent neural networks for sequence learning, Comput. Res. Repos. (CoRR)
- Kang, 2016, Intrusion detection system using deep neural network for in-vehicle network security, PLOS ONE, 11, 1, 10.1371/journal.pone.0155781 · DOI
- Turchini, 2018, Deep learning based surveillance system for open critical areas, Inventions, 3, 69, 10.3390/inventions3040069 · DOI
- Pandeeswari, 2016, Anomaly detection system in cloud environment using fuzzy clustering based ANN, Mob. Netw. Appl., 21, 494, 10.1007/s11036-015-0644-x · DOI
- Zhang, 2018, Security and trust issues in fog computing: A survey, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 88, 16, 10.1016/j.future.2018.05.008 · DOI
- Wang, 2020, Real-time sensor anomaly detection and recovery in connected automated vehicle sensors, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 1
- Sun, 2019, An energy-efficient cross-layer-sensing clustering method based on intelligent fog computing in WSNs, IEEE Access, 7, 144165, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2944858 · DOI
- Fitzgerald, 2018, Energy-optimal data aggregation and dissemination for the internet of things, IEEE Internet Things J., 5, 955, 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2803792 · DOI
- Awaisi, 2019, Towards a fog enabled efficient car parking architecture, IEEE Access, 7, 159100, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950950 · DOI
- Borova, 2019, Environmental WSN edge computing concept by wavelet transform data compression in a sensor node, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52, 246, 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.646 · DOI
- Alam, 2019, Autonomic computation offloading in mobile edge for IoT applications, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 90, 149, 10.1016/j.future.2018.07.050 · DOI
- Bosman, 2015, Ensembles of incremental learners to detect anomalies in ad hoc sensor networks, Ad Hoc Netw., 35, 14, 10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.07.013 · DOI
- Bosman, 2017, Spatial anomaly detection in sensor networks using neighborhood information, Inf. Fusion, 33, 41, 10.1016/j.inffus.2016.04.007 · DOI
- Cauteruccio, 2019, Short-long term anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks based on machine learning and multi-parameterized edit distance, Inf. Fusion, 52, 13, 10.1016/j.inffus.2018.11.010 · DOI
- Zhang, 2019, Deep learning in mobile and wireless networking: A survey, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 10.1109/COMST.2019.2904897 · DOI
- Mocanu, 2018, Scalable training of artificial neural networks with adaptive sparse connectivity inspired by network science, Nature Commun., 9, 10.1038/s41467-018-04316-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Winter, 2012, RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks., rfc, 6550, 1
- Hoghooghi, 2020, Proposing a new method for improving RPL to support mobility in the internet of things, IET Netw., 9, 48, 10.1049/iet-net.2019.0152 · DOI
- Fu, 2020, Environment-fusion multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, Inf. Fusion, 53, 4, 10.1016/j.inffus.2019.06.001 · DOI
- Fu, 2020, Vehicular blockchain-based collective learning for connected and autonomous vehicles, IEEE Wirel. Commun., 27, 197, 10.1109/MNET.001.1900310 · DOI
- Roy, 2020, Blockchain-enabled safety-as-a-service for industrial IoT applications, IEEE Internet Things Mag., 3, 19, 10.1109/IOTM.0001.1900080 · DOI
- Li, 2020, A secure random key distribution scheme against node replication attacks in industrial wireless sensor systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., 16, 2091, 10.1109/TII.2019.2927296 · DOI
- Chattopadhyay, 2020, Security against false data-injection attack in cyber-physical systems, IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst., 7, 1015, 10.1109/TCNS.2019.2927594 · DOI
- Aboelwafa, 2020, A machine learning-based technique for false data injection attacks detection in industrial IoT, IEEE Internet Things J., 1
- Zarca, 2020, Virtual IoT honeynets to mitigate cyberattacks in SDN/NFV-Enabled IoT networks, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 38, 1262, 10.1109/JSAC.2020.2986621 · DOI
- Zhuang, 2020, SDN/NFV-Empowered future iov with enhanced communication, computing, and caching, Proc. IEEE, 108, 274, 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2951169 · DOI
- Al-Jamali, 2020, Intelligent traffic management and load balance based on spike ISDN-IoT, IEEE Syst. J., 1
- Garg, 2019, Hybrid deep-learning-based anomaly detection scheme for suspicious flow detection in SDN: A social multimedia perspective, IEEE Trans. Multimed., 21, 566, 10.1109/TMM.2019.2893549 · DOI
- Ge, 2020, 5g NFV-based tactile internet for mission-critical IoT services, IEEE Internet Things J., 7, 6150, 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2958063 · DOI
- Sarrigiannis, 2020, Online VNF lifecycle management in an MEC-enabled 5g IoT architecture, IEEE Internet Things J., 7, 4183, 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2944695 · DOI
- Lavassani, 2018, Combining fog computing with sensor mote machine learning for industrial IoT, Sensors, 18, 1532, 10.3390/s18051532 · DOI
- Antonini, 2018, Smart audio sensors in the Internet of Things edge for anomaly detection, IEEE Access, 6, 67594, 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2877523 · DOI
- Morshed, 2017, Deep osmosis: Holistic distributed deep learning in osmotic computing, IEEE Cloud Comput., 4, 22, 10.1109/MCC.2018.1081070 · DOI
- Casadei, 2019, Modelling and simulation of opportunistic IoT services with aggregate computing, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 91, 252, 10.1016/j.future.2018.09.005 · DOI
- Kotian, 2017, Impact of transmission power control in multi-hop networks, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 75, 94, 10.1016/j.future.2016.10.010 · DOI
- Prasad, 2020, BARTD: Bio-inspired anomaly based real time detection of under rated app-ddos attack on web, J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., 32, 73, 10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.004 · DOI
- Matta, 2018, Cyber-threat mitigation exploiting the birth–death–immigration model, IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., 13, 3137, 10.1109/TIFS.2018.2838084 · DOI
- Kolias, 2017, DDoS in the IoT: Mirai and other botnets, Computer, 50, 80, 10.1109/MC.2017.201 · DOI · Paper page
- Garg, 2020, En-ABC: An ensemble artificial bee colony based anomaly detection scheme for cloud environment, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., 135, 219, 10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.09.013 · DOI
- Garg, 2020, A multi-stage anomaly detection scheme for augmenting the security in IoT-enabled applications, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 104, 105, 10.1016/j.future.2019.09.038 · DOI
- Fernando, 2013, Mobile cloud computing: A survey, Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 29, 84, 10.1016/j.future.2012.05.023 · DOI
- Meng, 2020, A survey on machine learning for data fusion, Inf. Fusion, 57, 115, 10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.001 · DOI · Paper page
- Ding, 2019, A survey on data fusion in internet of things: Towards secure and privacy-preserving fusion, Inf. Fusion, 51, 129, 10.1016/j.inffus.2018.12.001 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smart Anomaly Detection Using Data-Driven Techniques in IoT Edge: A Survey
Manokaran, J., & Vairavel, G. (2022) · Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8862-1_45 · Cited by 13
Sensor-Based Cyber Risk Management in Railway Infrastructure Under the NIS2 Directive
Wachnik, R., Chruzik, K., & Pochopień, B. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25237384 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Erhan, L., Ndubuaku, M., Di Mauro, M., Song, W., Chen, M., Fortino, G., Bagdasar, O., & Liotta, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Derby (GB)
- Shanghai Ocean University (CN)
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- University of Calabria (IT)
- Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Erhan, L.
- Venue
- Information Fusion
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 64-79
- ISSN
- 1566-2535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3094345499
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 22
- FWCI
- 11.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Information Fusion (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion)
- Archive of Doctoral Theses and Digital Collections (University of Calabria) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Fault Detection and Control Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms
- Keywords
- anomaly detection, sensor systems, smart sensing, energy efficiency, cloud computing, fog computing, edge computing, deep learning, reinforcement learning, supervised learning, time series analysis, statistical analysis, signal processing, constrained environments
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review