Gender differences in figural matrices: The moderating role of item design features
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other research has found modest gender differences on similar tests.
“although other research has found modest gender differences on similar tests (Arendasy & Sommer, 2012).”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Arendasy & Sommer, 2012
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280 · see citing works
Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests
Psychology, M. (1961) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(61)80061-2 · Cited by 6,936 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2 · Cited by 6,691 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 4,172 · see citing works
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,396 · see citing works
Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations
Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0014694 · Cited by 2,242 · see citing works
Best Test Design. Rasch Measurement.
Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,975 · see citing works
Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.404 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
Eysenck, H. J. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90126-0 · Cited by 1,392 · see citing works
McGrew, K. S. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
A Goodness of Fit Test for the Rasch Model
Andersen, E. B. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291180 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Transfer on trial: Intelligence, cognition, and instruction
Schraagen, J. M. (1994) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)90021-3 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2020) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/mhqa-cd89 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Johnson, W., & BOUCHARDJR, T. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.002 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Smith, D. R., Moore, J. L., & Greeno, J. G. (1996) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Sex differences on the progressive matrices: A meta-analysis
Lynn, R., & Paul Irwing, B. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.008 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Item Generation for Test Development
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602145 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
5 Differential Item Functioning and Item Bias
Penfield, R. D., & Camilli, G. (2006) · Handbook of statistics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7161(06)26005-x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The scientific study of general intelligence : tribute to Arthur R. Jensen
Jensen, A. R., & Nyborg, H. (2003) · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Irwing, P., & Lynn, R. (2005) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712605x53542 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: a developmental theory
Lynn, R. (1999) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00009-4 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Equivalence and Bias: A Review of Concepts, Models, and Data Analytic Procedures
van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. Y. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511779381.003 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Valentin Kvist, A., & Gustafsson, J.-E. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.08.004 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Adaptive reasoning: Componential and eye movement analysis of geometric analogy performance
Bethell-Fox, C. E., Lohman, D. F., & Snow, R. E. (1984) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(84)90009-6 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Cross-cultural research methods in psychology
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5975 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Keith, T. Z., Reynolds, M. R., Patel, P. G., & Ridley, K. P. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.001 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Bickley, P. G., Keith, T. Z., & Wolfle, L. M. (1995) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(95)90013-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
(2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607073 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
What do Raven's Matrices measure? An analysis in terms of sex differences
Mackintosh, N. J., & Bennett, E. S. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.03.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Complexity of geometric inductive reasoning tasks
Primi, R. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00067-8 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Molenaar, I. W. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4230-7_3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Jackson, D. N., & Rushton, J. P. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sex differences in fluid intelligence among high school graduates
Colom, R., & Garcı́a, Ó. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00040-x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Amelang, M., & Steinmayr, R. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Matzen, L. E., Benz, Z. O., Dixon, K. R., Posey, J., Kroger, J. K., & Speed, A. E. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.2.525 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A Neural Model of Rule Generation in Inductive Reasoning
Rasmussen, D., & Eliasmith, C. (2011) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01127.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Deary, I. J., Paul Irwing, B., Der, G., & Bates, T. C. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Blinkhorn, S. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/438031a · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rule-Based Item Bank Construction and Evaluation Within the Linear Logistic Framework
Hornke, L. F., & Habon, M. W. (1986) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168601000405 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mackintosh, N. J. (1996) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932000022586 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sex differential item functioning in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices: evidence for bias
Abad, F. J., Colom, R., Rebollo, I., & Escorial, S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00241-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Reynolds, M. R., Keith, T. Z., Ridley, K. P., & Patel, P. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Nature of "Intelligence" and the Principles of Cognition.
Wheeler, R., & Spearman, C. (1924) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2014797 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sex differences in g: An analysis of the US standardization sample of the WAIS-III
Paul Irwing, B. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Some Neglected Problems in IRT
Fischer, G. (1995) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294324 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of sex differences in intelligence at ages 7, 11 and 16 years
Lynn, R., & Kanazawa, S. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.028 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Arendasy, M. E., & Sommer, M. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.11.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of global testing procedures for item fit to the Rasch model
Suárez-Falcón, J. C., & Glas, C. A. W. (2003) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711003321645395 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reducing response elimination strategies enhances the construct validity of figural matrices
Arendasy, M. E., & Sommer, M. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinmayr, R., Beauducel, A., & Spinath, B. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.08.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Element salience as a predictor of item difficulty for Raven's Progressive Matrices
Meo, M., Roberts, M. J., & Marucci, F. S. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.10.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Arendasy, M. E., & Sommer, M. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.02.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSavage‐McGlynn, E. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Investigating the ‘g’-saturation of various stratum-two factors using automatic item generation
Arendasy, M. E., Hergovich, A., & Sommer, M. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationIs there a sex difference in IQ scores?
Paul Irwing, B., & Lynn, R. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04966 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
SCHWEIZER, K. W., Troche, S. J., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.019 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Items in Context: Assessing the Dimensionality of Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices
Vigneau, F., & Bors, D. A. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404267286 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hunt, E. B., & Madhyastha, T. M. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Foundations of Item Generation for Mass Testing
Irvine, S. H. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602145-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vigneau, F., & Bors, D. A. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.04.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rojahn, J., & Naglieri, J. A. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Measuring Human Intelligence with Artificial Intelligence
Embretson, S. E. (2004) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Advanced progressive matrices and sex differences: Comment to Mackintosh and Bennett (2005)
Colom, R., & Abad, F. J. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.06.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2010) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711010x531957 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Minimally biased” g-loadings of crystallized and non-crystallized abilities
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reply to Colom and Abad (2006)
Mackintosh, N. J. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neural efficiency as a function of task demands
Dunst, B., Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Bergner, S., Koschutnig, K., Sommer, M., Ischebeck, A. K., Spinath, B., Arendasy, M. E., Bühner, M., et al. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.09.005 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing response elimination strategies enhances the construct validity of figural matrices
Arendasy, M. E., & Sommer, M. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing the effect size of the retest effect: Examining different approaches
Arendasy, M., & Sommer, M. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.03.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Visuospatial Ability in the Raven’s Progressive Matrices
Waschl, N., Nettelbeck, T., & Burns, N. R. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000241 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sex differences in inductive reasoning: A research synthesis using meta-analytic techniques
Waschl, N., & Burns, N. R. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109959 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Programming experience associated with neural efficiency during figural reasoning
Helmlinger, B., Sommer, M., Feldhammer-Kahr, M., Wood, G. M. D. O., Arendasy, M. E., & Kober, S. E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70360-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGenitourinary syndrome in menopause: Impact of vaginal symptoms
Kasano, J. P. M., Crespo, H. F. G., Arias, R. A. R., & Alamo-Palomino, I. J. (2023) · Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology · doi:10.4274/tjod.galenos.2023.50449 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Breuer, S., Scherndl, T., & Ortner, T. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Helland-Riise, F., Norrøne, T. N., & Andersson, B. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12090082 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
‘Mental rotation’ in depth as the superficial correlation of pictures
Niall, K. K. (2020) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2020.100019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gierl, M. J., Lai, H., & Tanygin, V. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003025634-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fairness als zentrale Herausforderung moderner Aufnahmeverfahren
Arendasy, Sommer, Feldhammer-Kahr, Freudenthaler, Punter, & Rieder (2018) · Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung · doi:10.3217/zfhe-13-04/03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Using automatic item generation to construct scheduling problems measuring planning ability
Arendasy, M. E., Sommer, M., Tschiesner, R., Feldhammer-Kahr, M., & Umdasch, K. (2024) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2024.101855 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Cuppello, S., Zibarras, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00504-5
Breuer, S., Scherndl, T., & Ortner, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000386
Schneider, J., Striebing, C., Jacobsen, M. E., & Päßler, K. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-09131-6
- Authors
- Arendasy, M. E., & Sommer, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Arendasy, Martin E.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 584-597
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976108583
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- gender differences, inductive reasoning, fluid intelligence, differential item functioning, test bias, automatic item generation, Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, measurement bias, latent trait estimation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review