Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations
Abstract
Reporting practices in 194 confirmatory factor analysis studies (1,409 factor models) published in American Psychological Association journals from 1998 to 2006 were reviewed and compared with established reporting guidelines. Three research questions were addressed: (a) how do actual reporting practices compare with published guidelines? (b) how do researchers report model fit in light of divergent perspectives on the use of ancillary fit indices (e.g., L.-T. Hu & P. M. Bentler, 1999; H. W. Marsh, K.-T., Hau, & Z. Wen, 2004)? and (c) are fit measures that support hypothesized models reported more often than fit measures that are less favorable? Results indicate some positive findings with respect to reporting practices including proposing multiple models a priori and near universal reporting of the chi-square significance test. However, many deficiencies were found such as lack of information regarding missing data and assessment of normality. Additionally, the authors found increases in reported values of some incremental fit statistics and no statistically significant evidence that researchers selectively report measures of fit that support their preferred model. Recommendations for reporting are summarized and a checklist is provided to help editors, reviewers, and authors improve reporting practices.
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The structural model had a favorable fit to the data (χ2/df = 1.259, GFI = 0.946, NFI = 0.960, CFI = 0.992, TLI = 0.990, IFI = 0.992, RMSEA = 0.029).
“the fit indices, aligning with prior studies (Jackson et al., 2009; Hair et al., 2012) recommendations, affirm a favorable fit for the data (χ2/df = 1.259, GFI = 0.946, NFI = 0.960, CFI = 0.992, TLI = 0.990, IFI = 0.992, RMSEA = 0.029) and the structural model.”
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 2009
The model fit results from this analysis meet the threshold guidelines as outlined in Hu & Bentler and Jackson et al.
“The model fit results from this analysis meet the threshold guidelines as outlined in Hu & Bentler and Jackson et al. [29, 30].”
From Supporting underrepresented students in health sciences: a fuzzy cognitive mapping approach to program evaluation (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
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Principal self-efficacy: relations with burnout, job satisfaction and motivation to quit
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Blockchain-supported business model design, supply chain resilience, and firm performance
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Application of Structural Equation Modeling in Educational Research and Practice
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Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants
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Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events
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Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport
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Dimensionality of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review
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Psychology's Replication Crisis and Clinical Psychological Science
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Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement
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Social media and Chinese consumers’ environmentally sustainable apparel purchase intentions
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Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a Community Sample of Preschoolers
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Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: Development of a Short Form
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Seeing brands as humans: Development and validation of a brand anthropomorphism scale
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The Ethical Use of Fit Indices in Structural Equation Modeling: Recommendations for Psychologists
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The Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment (URSSA): Validation for Use in Program Evaluation
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Assessing Workgroup Norms for Civility: The Development of the Civility Norms Questionnaire-Brief
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Validity and reliability of a multiple-group measurement scale for interprofessional collaboration
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Psychometric Properties of “Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences”: Review and Meta-analyses
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Curiosity adapted the cat: The role of trait curiosity in newcomer adaptation.
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Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Samples and Missing Data
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Incivility, satisfaction and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs
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The structure of working memory abilities across the adult life span.
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Building brand relationship for restaurants
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Development and Validation of the Masculinity Contest Culture Scale
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The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire
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Conceptualizing and Measuring Youth–Adult Partnership in Community Programs: A Cross National Study
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APROXIMACIÓN CONCEPTUAL Y PRÁCTICA A LOS MODELOS DE ECUACIONES ESTRUCTURALES
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Minority Stressors, Rumination, and Psychological Distress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
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- Authors
- Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Windsor (CA)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-23
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2129748849
- Cited by
- 2,242
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 228 · 2022: 241 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 170 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 135 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 54.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- confirmatory factor analysis, reporting practices, reporting guidelines, model fit indices, selective reporting, missing data, normality testing, reporting checklist, APA journals
- MeSH terms
- Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Mathematical Computing, Periodicals as Topic, Psychology, Publishing, Research, Research Design, Software, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Guideline Adherence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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