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Cited by 540Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchBehavioral and Psychological StudiesChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Open access
Estes, Annette, Munson, Jeffrey, Rogers, Sally J., Greenson, Jessica, Winter, Jamie, Dawson, Geraldine·2015·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.005PMC PMC4475272
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Abstract

Objective We prospectively examine evidence for the sustained effects of early intervention based on a follow-up study of 39 children with ASD who began participation in a randomized clinical trial testing the effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) at age 18–30 months. The intervention, conducted at a high level of intensity in-home for 2 years, showed evidence of efficacy immediately posttreatment. Method This group of children was assessed at age 6, two years after the intervention ended, across multiple domains of functioning by clinicians naïve to previous intervention group status. Results The ESDM group, on average, maintained gains made in early intervention during the 2-year follow-up period in overall intellectual ability, adaptive behavior, symptom severity, and challenging behavior. No group differences in core autism symptoms were found immediately posttreatment; however, two years later, the ESDM group demonstrated improved core autism symptoms and adaptive behavior as compared with the community-intervention-as-usual (COM) group. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of intellectual functioning at age 6. The two groups received equivalent intervention hours during the original study, but the ESDM group received fewer hours during the follow-up period. Conclusion These results provide evidence that gains from early intensive intervention are maintained 2 years later. Notably, core autism symptoms improved in the ESDM group over the follow-up period relative to the COM group. This improvement occurred at the same time the ESDM group received significantly fewer services. This is the first study to examine the role of early ESDM behavioral intervention initiated below 30 months of age in altering the longer term developmental course of autism.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.005

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Diagnostic categories at age 6 did not differ significantly between groups (p = .27; ESDM: 57% Autistic Disorder, 33% PDD, 10% no diagnosis; COM: 78% Autistic Disorder, 22% PDD).

    “There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic categorization in the two groups at age 6 (Fishers exact probability test; p=.27; ESDM 57%, n=12 Autistic Disorder, 33% n=7 PDD, 10%, n=2 no diagnosis; COM 78% n=14 Autistic Disorder, 22% n=4 PDD).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During the follow-up period, about 41% of children received no ABA-based therapy (5 of 18 in COM, 11 of 21 in ESDM).

    “Roughly 41% (5 of 18 COM, 11 of 21 ESDM) children received no ABA-based therapy during this period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    COM families lived near several high-quality private intervention providers.

    “But this meant that families from the COM group lived in close proximity to a number of excellent private intervention providers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Groups did not differ significantly on the RBS Composite.

    “The Composite score was not significantly different between groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Across all IQ and Vineland measures, time had a significant main effect, showing that both groups continued to improve in intellectual and adaptive functioning.

    “For all IQ and Vineland domains, there was a significant main effect of time, demonstrating continued improvement in intellectual and adaptive functioning for both treatment groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Group effects reached significance for Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite and Socialization.

    “Significant group effects were present for the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite and Socialization scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two years after early intervention, ESDM children had kept their earlier gains in intellectual ability, adaptive behavior, autism symptoms, and challenging behavior.

    “The ESDM group, on average, maintained gains made in early intervention during the 2-year follow-up period in overall intellectual ability, adaptive behavior, symptom severity, and challenging behavior.”
    • Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
      “Children in the ESDM group maintained the gains they made in early intervention 2 years later in all areas, including intellectual ability, adaptive behavior, autism symptoms, and challenging behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither Irritability nor Hyperactivity subdomain scores differed significantly, and neither time nor group-by-time effects were significant.

    “The Irritability and Hyperactivity subdomain scores were not significantly different, and there were no significant time effects, nor any group-by-time interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For both groups, RBS scores changed little from age 4 to age 6, and time had no significant effect.

    “Scores on the RBS were similar between ages 4 and 6 for both groups, with no significant effect of time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Group-based delivery accounted for 41.5% of ESDM therapy hours and 21.7% of COM therapy hours.

    “Interestingly, for the ESDM group, 41.5% of these therapy hours were in a group setting, whereas only 21.7% of these therapy hours in the COM group occurred in a group setting.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    These two children's age-6 composite IQ scores were 92 and 110, and their ADOS module 3 calibrated severity scores were 2 and 1, below ASD thresholds.

    “At age 6, these two children obtained composite IQ scores of 92 and 110 and ADOS module 3 calibrated severity scores of 2 and 1, well short of the symptom levels for ASD classification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On ADOS Total and Restricted and Repetitive Behavior, group effects were significant, with lower scores in the ESDM group.

    “Significant treatment group effects were seen on ADOS Total and Restricted and Repetitive Behavior scores as the ESDM group showed lower overall scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During follow-up, ESDM children had fewer weekly hours of ABA-based therapy than COM children, though this difference was not significant.

    “The ESDM group received fewer ABA-based therapy hours/week (M=2.40, SD=2.97, range 0 to 8.4) than the COM group (M=4.36, SD=3.56, range 0 to 11.0); however, this was not significant (W=244.5, p=.108).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ESDM children scored lower on ADOS Social Affect, though this was not significant (p = .078).

    “The ESDM group also had lower Social Affect scores; however, this difference fell short of significance (p = .078).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At age 6, ESDM composite and nonverbal IQ scores were still 10 points higher, but these group effects were not significant (p = .063 and .051).

    “The ESDM group’s composite and nonverbal IQ scores remained 10 points higher at age 6; however, the treatment group effect fell short of significance (p = .063 and .051, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    At age 6, two ESDM children and no COM children received a no-diagnosis classification from two expert clinicians unaware of group assignment.

    “The two children in the ESDM group were classified as “no diagnosis” according to the clinical judgment of 2 expert clinicians blind to prior intervention group at age 6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For IQ variables, neither treatment group effects nor group-by-time interactions reached significance.

    “There were no significant treatment group effects nor a treatment group-by-time interaction for the IQ variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ESDM group showed a 6.4-point verbal IQ advantage that was not significant.

    “A non-significant verbal IQ advantage for the ESDM group of 6.4 was observed”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingcitation

    The present COM group seemed to do better than the comparison group in the sole other long-term follow-up of comprehensive intensive intervention.

    “However, we can observe that the comparison group in the present study appeared to have more positive outcomes than the comparison group in the only other long-term follow-up study of a comprehensive, intensive intervention.7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] McEachin, 1993, Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment, Am J Ment Retard

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Standardized intellectual ability rose in both groups during follow-up, by 12.55 points in COM and 7.66 points in ESDM.

    “Both groups increased standardized intellectual ability scores over the follow-up period, with the COM group increasing 12.55 points and the ESDM group increasing 7.66 points.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intellectual ability, communication and language, adaptive behavior, and educational placement and support have been shown to improve with early intervention.

    “Intellectual ability, communication and language functioning, adaptive behavior, and educational placement and support have all been demonstrated to improve with early intervention.1–3”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Lovaas, 1987, Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children, J Consult Clin Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Smith, 2000, Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder, Am J Ment Retard source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Dawson, 2010, Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model, Pediatrics source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Maternal education was equivalent across groups and similar to other mothers in child-development research at this university.

    “Importantly for the purposes of this efficacy study, the two groups (ESDM and COM) had equivalent maternal education levels and were comparable to other groups of mothers who participate in research on child development at this university”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    At every assessment, examiners measuring intellectual ability and autism symptoms did not know which intervention group a child had been in.

    “The assessors were naïve to the intervention status of the children at all assessments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent cost comparison estimated possible lifetime savings exceeding one million Euros per person.

    “A recent cost-comparison study of early intensive behavioral intervention in the Netherlands suggests that lifetime cost savings could be over one million Euros per individual.28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Peters-Scheffer, 2012, Cost comparison of early intensive behavioral intervention and treatment as usual for children with autism spectrum disorder in the Netherlands, Res Dev Disabil source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Aberrant Behavior Checklist is a reliable and valid measure of challenging behaviors in individuals with moderate to profound developmental disability.

    “The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC)21 is a reliable and valid 58-item measure of challenging behaviors known to occur in individuals with moderate to profound developmental disability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Aman, 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The original trial randomized 48 children who had been diagnosed with ASD between 18 and 30 months into ESDM or community groups, with stratification by developmental quotient and sex.

    “The original RCT study sample consisted of 48 children diagnosed with an ASD at age 18–30 months and randomized into two groups (ESDM n=24; COM n=24) stratified by developmental quotient and sex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings indicate that early, comprehensive, intensive intervention can yield substantial longer-term gains, seen in cognition, language, social behavior, and reduced ASD symptoms.

    “These results demonstrate that significant, longer-term gains are possible with early, comprehensive, intensive intervention, and that these gains are evident not only in intellectual ability, language, and social behavior, but also in reductions in ASD symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A prior long-term follow-up of comprehensive intensive early intervention tracked 19 children from ages 7 to 11.5 and reported that the treated group kept its IQ and adaptive behavior gains, implying effects might last.

    “Results showed that the intervention group maintained gains in IQ and adaptive behavior, suggesting that intervention effects may be long lasting.7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] McEachin, 1993, Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment, Am J Ment Retard

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The RBS-R is a validated instrument for children with ASD.

    “It was administered at age 6 and has been validated for use with children with ASD.20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Lam, 2007, The Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    During the original trial's treatment phase, no ESDM children dropped out, whereas three COM children did.

    “In the original RCT, from baseline to the end of the intervention period, the ESDM group lost no children, but the COM group lost 3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    After intensive early services ended, ESDM children showed no regression, skill loss, or slowing of development.

    “This provides direct evidence these children did not exhibit a developmental regression, lose skills, or, in the case of standardized tests, slow their rate of development after withdrawal of early intensive services.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    At baseline in the original trial, the ESDM and COM groups were comparable on autism symptom severity, age, IQ, sex, and adaptive behavior; the same held for the subgroup that completed the 2-year follow-up.

    “The two groups did not differ at baseline in severity of autism symptoms, chronological age, IQ, sex, or adaptive behaviors in the original RCT, nor were there baseline group differences for the subgroup of children who completed the 2-year follow-up assessment (all p’s > .05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The absence of significant age-6 IQ group differences reflected variability and a larger COM mean gain, not skill loss in ESDM.

    “Thus, the lack of statistically significant group differences was due to variability (i.e., large standard deviations in scores) and a larger mean increase in scores in the COM group rather than a loss of skills in the ESDM group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Loss to follow-up was balanced between groups, with three children missing from each.

    “Attrition rates were equal across groups over the follow-up period (3 lost in each group).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Diagnostic procedures at the age-6 follow-up matched those used at baseline and the 2-year assessment.

    “The age-6 follow-up sample was evaluated with the same diagnostic procedures used at the baseline and 2-year assessments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because the ADOS uses four verbal-ability-based modules and sets higher social expectations for more verbal individuals, its symptom-severity differences need cautious interpretation.

    “Thus, individuals who have better verbal abilities have to meet higher expectations for social interaction. Thus, differences in symptom severity as measured by the ADOS should be interpreted cautiously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Fidelity to the intervention model was measured in the original trial.

    “This is a follow-up to a randomized trial of a manualized intervention with measured fidelity to the intervention model”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Baseline ASD diagnosis was established by expert clinicians using the ADI-R, ADOS-WPS, and clinical judgment based on all available information.

    “Research diagnosis of ASD at baseline was based on direct assessment by expert clinicians with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R),13 Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-WPS (ADOS-WPS),14 and clinical judgment using all available information.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Rutter, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Lord, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study reproduces McEachin et al.'s findings and extends them to intervention started before 30 months, delivered developmentally, and at under half the weekly hours.

    “This study replicates the results of McEachin et al.7 but also extends those findings to intervention begun with children under 30 months of age and provided at less than half the number of hours per week, in a developmental style of delivery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] McEachin, 1993, Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment, Am J Ment Retard

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    ESDM children improved while one-on-one services were much reduced, which may indicate that early intervention helped them learn better in less restrictive, more natural settings.

    “The ESDM group increased their performance during a period of substantially reduced one-on-one services, suggesting that they may have increased their ability to learn from less restrictive, more naturalistic environments as a result of early intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The treatment groups did not differ in maternal education or median annual household income.

    “The treatment groups did not differ with regard to maternal education (ESDM: 62% college grad, 28% some college, 10% no college; COM: 70% college grad, 18% some college, 12% no college; Chi-square=0.63, p>.50).”
    • Also stated in: § Participants · plain
      “Median annual household incomes between the groups also did not differ (ESDM $90,000, COM $85,000; Wilcoxon rank sum test, W=152.5, p > .50).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nationally, US women's education is estimated at 32% no college, 33.6% some college, and 34.5% college completion or above.

    “In contrast, educational attainment among US women nationally is estimated as 32% no college; 33.6% some college; and 34.5% college completion or higher.26”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] US Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration. Maternal and Child Health. Available at: www.mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa12/more/downloads/pdf/whousa12.pdf. 2013. Accessed March 27, 2015.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    What effect post-study intervention had remains unknown.

    “Thus, the impact of intervention received after the study period is unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In another parent-coaching RCT, groups had equal hours before randomization, but by week twelve the comparison group was getting significantly more weekly treatment (P-ESDM 1.48 [1.96]; community 3.68 [3.91], p<.05).

    “In that study, the groups had received equivalent intervention hours up until randomization. But in a very short time, by the end of the twelve-week intervention period, there was a significant difference in the number of treatment hours children (aged 12–24 months) were receiving weekly, with the comparison group receiving more intervention (P-ESDM 1.48 [1.96]; community group 3.68 [3.91], p<.05.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Rogers, 2012, Effects of a brief ESDM-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for ASD: a randomized controlled trial, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No prior study has examined whether ESDM started before 30 months changes the long-term developmental course of autism.

    “This is the first study to examine the role of early ESDM behavioral intervention initiated below 30 months of age in altering the longer term developmental course of autism.”
    “This will be the first study to our knowledge to examine the role of early intensive behavioral intervention initiated below age 30 months in altering the long-term clinical course of ASD.”
    “This is the first report of long-term outcomes of a comprehensive intervention begun prior to 30 months of age in children with ASD”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Improvement in core ASD symptoms is especially hard to demonstrate.

    “This was particularly notable because core ASD symptoms are one of the most difficult areas for demonstrating improvement.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, pharmacological randomized controlled trials and behavioural interventions have reported improvements in cognitive processing measures and IQ after 3 to 12 months of treatment.

    “In ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, improvement in measures of cognitive processing (verbal learning and cancellation task) and IQ have been reported in pharmacological RCTs after 3–12 months of treatment and behavioural interventions88–91.”

    From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [90]

  • Evidence of cognitive improvement has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated in randomized controlled trials evaluating pharmacological treatments for neurodevelopmental disorders.

    “Evidence of cognitive improvement has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated in RCTs that evaluate pharmacological treatments in NDDs.”

    From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [90]

  • The ASD and ADHD studies that reported cognitive or IQ improvements were conducted in individuals who were intellectually higher functioning than typical male patients with fragile X syndrome.

    “However, these studies were conducted in individuals who were intellectually higher functioning than typical male patients with FXS.”

    From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [90]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Peer-relationship p-value does not match the specified one-tailed test

    Major

    The methods specify a one-tailed test, but a t statistic of 1.84 with these group sizes gives a one-tailed p-value of about .037. The reported p=.0741 is approximately the two-tailed value, changing the stated finding from significant to a non-significant trend.

  • ABA therapy difference is called significant despite its reported p-value

    Minor

    The results report no significant group difference in ABA-based therapy hours (p=.108), but the discussion says the groups differed significantly in hours of ABA-based and other intervention.

2 of 2

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 25 · Cited by 540

Authors
Estes, A., Munson, J., Rogers, S. J., Greenson, J., Winter, J., & Dawson, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author
Estes, Annette
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-07
Volume
54
Issue
7
Pages
580-587
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.005
PMC
PMC4475272
OpenAlex
W1981760840
Semantic Scholar
aac74ad63d598f88521bb7ef222390facff1b5ad
Cited by
540
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 5
FWCI
23.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Autism Speaks
  • University of Washington
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH081757, U54MH066399)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD-55741, U19HD34565, P50HD066782)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD55741, U19HD34565, U54HD083091, P50HD066782, R01HD055741)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, Early Start Denver Model, early intervention, early intensive behavioral intervention, long-term outcomes, adaptive behavior, intellectual functioning, core autism symptoms, behavioral problems, home-based intervention, preschool children
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adaptation, Psychological, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Oregon, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Washington, Treatment Outcome, Early Medical Intervention

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