High-quality foster care mitigates callous-unemotional traits following early deprivation in boys: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective Callous-unemotional (CU) traits in childhood are a developmental precursor to psychopathy, yet the origins and etiology of CU traits are not known. We examined CU traits among 12-year-old children exposed to severe early deprivation and evaluated whether a high-quality foster care intervention mitigated the development of high levels of CU traits.Method Participants were from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care for children in institutions. Children were recruited from institutions in Bucharest, Romania, along with age- and sex-matched children who were never institutionalized. Children raised in institutional settings were randomized (mean age = 22 months) to either a foster care group (n = 68) or a care-as-usual group (n = 68). CU traits were assessed at age 12.75 years in available participants from the randomized trial (n = 95) and children who were never institutionalized (n = 50).Results Children who experienced institutional rearing as young children had significantly higher levels of CU traits in early adolescence compared to children who were never institutionalized. Intent-to-treat analysis indicated that, among boys, CU traits were significantly lower among those who received the foster care intervention compared to those randomized to care as usual. Caregiver responsiveness to distress, but not caregiver warmth, mediated the intervention effect on CU traits in boys.Conclusion These findings provide the first evidence to date that psychosocial intervention can prevent the onset of CU traits. Although severe early deprivation predicted higher levels of CU traits, high-quality foster care that emphasized responsive caregiving reduced the impact of deprivation on CU trait development for boys.Clinical trial registration information The Bucharest Early Intervention Project; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00747396.
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- Findingown data
The association between the intervention and callous-unemotional traits was moderated by child sex, as shown by a group-by-sex interaction.
“Using a simple, single-step moderation analysis, we found a group-by-sex interaction (F1,91 = 3.82, p = .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Age at placement in foster care was not associated with callous-unemotional traits.
“No association between placement age and CU traits was found (Wald χ2[1] = 0.01, p = .93).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Using the callous-unemotional cutoff, the foster care and care-as-usual groups differed significantly.
“Using the CU cutoff, however, the groups significantly differed (Wald χ2[1] = 6.01, p = .014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A care-as-usual boy had 10.82 times greater odds of being above the callous-unemotional cutoff than a foster care boy.
“For a CAUG boy, the odds of being above the CU cutoff were 10.82 times larger than the odds of an FCG boy being above the cutoff (95% CI = 1.23–94.92).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The randomized groups did not differ at baseline in genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits.
- Findingown data
A care-as-usual child had 7.20 times greater odds of being above the callous-unemotional cutoff than a foster care child.
“For a CAUG child, the odds of being above the CU cutoff were 7.20 times greater than the odds for an FCG child being above the cutoff (95% CI = 1.49–34.90).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Using the callous-unemotional cutoff, the intervention significantly predicted low callous-unemotional traits among boys.
“This pattern was also found using the CU cutoff, such that the intervention was a significant predictor of low CU traits among boys (Wald χ2[1] = 4.62, p = .028).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The randomized groups did not differ at baseline in genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits.
- Findingown data
There was no evidence that caregiver warmth at 42 months indirectly affected callous-unemotional traits in either girls or boys.
“The results showed no evidence of an indirect effect of caregiver warmth at 42 months in either girls or boys (Est. = −0.73, SE = 1.54, 95% CI = −4.03 to 2.32 and Est. = 2.30, SE = 1.92, 95% CI = −0.55 to 7.45, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Falling above the callous-unemotional cutoff was significantly associated with meeting diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder.
“using a binary approach also indicated significant association between falling above the CU cutoff and meeting diagnostic criteria for CD (χ2[1] = 7.85, p = .005) and ODD (χ2[1] = 8.29, p = .004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Children with a history of institutional rearing had higher callous-unemotional trait levels in early adolescence than never-institutionalized children, after controlling for sex.
“Children who experienced institutional rearing as young children had significantly higher levels of CU traits in early adolescence compared to children who were never institutionalized.”
- Also stated in: § CU Traits by History of Institutional Care · plain
“Consistent with our prediction, children who experienced institutional rearing had higher levels of CU traits than the NIG (F1,142 = 12.18, p < .001, d = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.26–0.96).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The never-institutionalized comparison group is comparable to the ever-institutionalized group on relevant characteristics other than institutional rearing.
- Also stated in: § CU Traits by History of Institutional Care · plain
- Findingown data
Using the binary cutoff, institutional care history did not significantly predict high callous-unemotional traits after controlling for sex.
“Using the binary approach, and after controlling for sex, institutional care history did not reach significant significance as a predictor of high CU (Wald χ2[1] = 2.69, p = .10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Within the ever-institutionalized group, callous-unemotional traits had a moderate positive correlation with oppositional defiant disorder symptoms (r = 0.55).
“Bivariate correlations indicated a moderate positive association with both CD and ODD symptoms (r93 = 0.54, p < .001 and r93 = 0.55, p <.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Within the ever-institutionalized group, callous-unemotional traits had a moderate positive correlation with conduct disorder symptoms (r = 0.54).
“Bivariate correlations indicated a moderate positive association with both CD and ODD symptoms (r93 = 0.54, p < .001 and r93 = 0.55, p <.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Caregiver responsiveness to distress at 42 months had a significant indirect effect on callous-unemotional traits in boys.
“There was, however, a significant robust indirect effect for caregiver responsiveness to distress at 42 months in boys (Est. = −2.88, SE = 1.59, 95% CI = −7.40 to −0.59), but not in girls (Est. = −0.17, SE = 0.88, 95% CI = −1.73 to 1.95).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among boys, the foster care intervention was associated with lower callous-unemotional traits in the intent-to-treat analysis.
“In contrast, among boys, there was a robust negative association between the foster care intervention and CU traits (Est. = −7.36, SE = 2.79, p = .01, 95% CI = −12.89 to −1.83).”
- Also stated in: § Child’s Sex as a Moderator · hedged
“A t test conducted within boys indicated a large ITT effect within this group (t48 = −2.52, p = .015, d = −0.71, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.13).”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“Intent-to-treat analysis indicated that, among boys, CU traits were significantly lower among those who received the foster care intervention compared to those randomized to care as usual.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The randomized groups did not differ at baseline in genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits.
- Also stated in: § Child’s Sex as a Moderator · hedged
- Findingown data
Falling above the callous-unemotional cutoff was significantly associated with meeting diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder.
“using a binary approach also indicated significant association between falling above the CU cutoff and meeting diagnostic criteria for CD (χ2[1] = 7.85, p = .005) and ODD (χ2[1] = 8.29, p = .004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Half of the children with a conduct disorder diagnosis fell above the high callous-unemotional cutoff.
“One half (50%) of those with a CD diagnosis and one third (33%) of those with an ODD diagnosis fell above the high CU cutoff.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Parallel mediation analyses using caregiving quality at 30 months found no significant mediation for caregiver warmth or responsiveness to distress.
“Parallel analyses using caregiving quality at age 30 months did not yield significant mediation for either caregiver warmth or responsiveness to distress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among girls, the foster care intervention effect on callous-unemotional traits was not significant.
“among girls, the intervention effect was not significant (Estimate [Est.] = 0.56, SE = 2.94, p = .85, 95% CI = −5.28 to 6.40).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Caregiver responsiveness to distress at 42 months did not have a significant indirect effect on callous-unemotional traits in girls.
“There was, however, a significant robust indirect effect for caregiver responsiveness to distress at 42 months in boys (Est. = −2.88, SE = 1.59, 95% CI = −7.40 to −0.59), but not in girls (Est. = −0.17, SE = 0.88, 95% CI = −1.73 to 1.95).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was no main effect of sex on callous-unemotional traits.
“No main effect of sex was found on CU traits (F1,142 = 1.15, p = .29, d = −0.17, 95% CI = −0.50 to 0.15)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the overall intent-to-treat comparison, the foster care group did not have statistically significantly lower callous-unemotional traits than the care-as-usual group.
“The FCG did not have statistically significantly lower CU traits than those randomized to the CAUG (t93 = −1.81, p = .073, d = −0.37, 95% CI = −0.77 to 0.04).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
One third of the children with an oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis fell above the high callous-unemotional cutoff.
“One half (50%) of those with a CD diagnosis and one third (33%) of those with an ODD diagnosis fell above the high CU cutoff.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Age at placement did not interact with sex to predict callous-unemotional traits in the foster care group.
“In addition, age of placement did not interact with sex to predict CU traits in the foster care group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The findings contribute to literature indicating that positive parenting dimensions represent different socialization domains requiring different skills.
“Our findings add to a growing body of literature indicating that these aspects of positive parenting represent different socialization domains and require different skills.15,34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
These findings are the first evidence that a psychosocial intervention can prevent the onset of callous-unemotional traits.
“These findings provide the first evidence to date that psychosocial intervention can prevent the onset of CU traits.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“this is the first demonstration that high CU traits can be prevented in children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
- Interpretationown data
High-quality foster care reduced the development of high callous-unemotional traits in 12-year-old boys who had experienced severe early deprivation.
“Although severe early deprivation predicted higher levels of CU traits, high-quality foster care that emphasized responsive caregiving reduced the impact of deprivation on CU trait development for boys.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Importantly, we report that high-quality foster care mitigated the development of high CU traits in 12-year-old children with a history of severe deprivation in early life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The randomized groups did not differ at baseline in genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Study design and conductcitation
Because the ICU has no normed scores or cutoffs, the cutoff used was an empirically determined point two standard deviations above the mean from a community sample of 13- and 14-year-olds.
“given that there are no normed scores or cutoffs for the ICU, our cutoff was based on an empirically determined cut-point (2 SDs above the mean) provided from a study using a community sample of individuals 13 and 14 years old.21”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Essau, 2006, Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents, Assessment source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In prior work, the authors found that the foster care group had significantly higher caregiving quality than the care-as-usual group at both 30 and 42 months.
“Previously, we found that children in the FCG experienced significantly higher caregiving quality compared to children in the CAUG at both 30 and 42 months of age.30”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Nelson, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 9
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataCaregiver responsiveness to distress, but not caregiver warmth, mediated the intervention effect on callous-unemotional traits in boys.
“Caregiver responsiveness to distress, but not caregiver warmth, mediated the intervention effect on CU traits in boys.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Here, we observed that increased caregiver responsiveness to child distress, specifically, explained the effect of the intervention in predicting lower levels of CU traits in boys.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCaregiver warmth and caregiver responsiveness to child distress are separate components of responsiveness.
“given that caregiver warmth and responsiveness to child distress represent distinct components of responsiveness,15,16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Davidov, 2006, Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes, Child Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] Grusec, 2010, Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: a domain-specific approach, Child Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits showed good inter-item reliability in this sample, with an alpha of 0.85.
“The ICU had good inter-item reliability within the sample (α = 0.85), and the total score was used as the measure of CU traits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInstitutional settings and psychosocially neglected children are notably characterized by a lack of responsive caregiving.
“Lack of responsive caregiving is a notable characteristic of institutional settings as well as children who are psychosocially neglected.30”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Nelson, 2014
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn prior work, the authors found that foster care reduced externalizing psychopathology among BEIP children, with the effect confined to boys.
“Previously, we demonstrated a reduction in externalizing psychopathology for BEIP children randomized to foster care,12 which was limited to boys.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Humphreys, 2015, Effects of institutional rearing and foster care on psychopathology at age 12 years in Romania: follow-up of an open, randomised controlled trial, Lancet Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEarly psychosocial deprivation is proposed as one route to callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy, possibly through disruption of experience-expectant socialization related to empathy.
“Exposure to early-life psychosocial deprivation (neglect), in particular, is postulated as 1 pathway to the development of CU traits and psychopathy, as the lack of an available and responsive caregiver early in life may disrupt experience-expectant socialization processes related to emotional empathy development.7–9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7] Bowlby, 1944, Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life, Int J Psychoanal
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- cites [8] Bowlby, 1953
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- cites [9] McCord, 1956
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGreater responsiveness to distress is associated with greater social competence and self-regulation in children.
“greater responsiveness to distress is associated with greater social competence32 and self-regulation33 in children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [32] Leerkes, 2009, Differential effects of maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress on social-emotional functionin, Child Dev source
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- cites [33] Rodriguez, 2005, A contextual approach to the development of self-regulatory competencies: the role of maternal unresponsivity and toddlers’ negative affect in stressful situations, Soc Dev source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataOf the original 136 institutionalized BEIP children, 95 (70%) were followed up at the age-12 assessment.
“Of the original 136 BEIP children raised in institutions, 95 were included in this follow-up (70%) (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationResponsive caregiving has a strong documented link to moral development.
“Responsive caregiving is strongly linked to moral development,14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Kochanska, 1997, Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: implications for early socialization, Child Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenCallous-unemotional traits were assessed at only one time point and by only one reporter.
“including the use of a single time point and reporter to measure CU traits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBoth genetic and environmental risk factors have been associated with the development of callous-unemotional traits.
“The development of CU traits has been linked to both genetic and environmental risk factors.5,6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [5] Viding E, McCrory E. Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. 2012;24:969-983. source
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- cites [6] Kimonis, 2013, Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits, Child Maltreat source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResponsiveness to distress is conceptually separate from warmth and may be more specifically tied to empathy.
“Responsiveness to child distress is conceptually distinct from parental warmth, and although responsiveness to distress and warmth are both important for socialization,16 caregiver responsiveness to distress may be more specifically linked to empathy,15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] Davidov, 2006, Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes, Child Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] Grusec, 2010, Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: a domain-specific approach, Child Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe significant association found here is consistent with work in noninstitutionalized samples where callous-unemotional traits correlate with but remain separable from conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.
“Our findings of a significant association are in line with work regarding CU in noninstitutionalized samples in which CU is correlated with, yet still separable from, CD and ODD.43”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Frick, 2008, Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe DISC was translated into Romanian, back-translated into English, checked for meaning by bilingual staff, and administered to caregivers.
“As with the ICU, the DISC was translated into Romanian, back-translated into English, assessed for meaning at each step by bilingual research staff, and administered to the child’s caregiver.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAfter a baseline assessment, children were randomly allocated to the care-as-usual group or the foster care group.
“Following a baseline assessment, children were randomly assigned to the CAUG or FCG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe ICU was translated into Romanian, back-translated into English, and checked for meaning by bilingual research staff.
“The ICU was translated into Romanian, back-translated into English, and assessed for meaning at each step by bilingual research staff.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCallous-unemotional traits can be measured reliably in childhood and forecast adult psychopathy.
“Callous-unemotional (CU) traits can be reliably measured in childhood and predict adult psychopathy.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Frick, 2014, Annual research review: a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenA data safety monitoring board in Bucharest reviewed the assessments for the current follow-up.
“A data safety monitoring board in Bucharest reviewed the assessments for the current follow-up.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The never-institutionalized comparison group is comparable to the ever-institutionalized group on relevant characteristics other than institutional rearing.
“Children were recruited from institutions in Bucharest, Romania, along with age-and sex-matched children who were never institutionalized.”
“A total of 50 Romanian children (21 boys and 29 girls) recruited from schools in Bucharest comprised a typically developing comparison group, designated as the never-institutionalized group (NIG).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The randomized groups did not differ at baseline in genetic risk for callous-unemotional traits.
“it is unclear whether the groups differed at baseline in genetic risk for CU traits”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attrition from the original institutionalized sample to the age-12 follow-up did not differentially affect the intervention and care-as-usual groups in ways that bias callous-unemotional trait comparisons.
“Of the original 136 BEIP children raised in institutions, 95 were included in this follow-up (70%) (Figure 1).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This finding adds to the number of sex-related differences in response to adversity or the foster care intervention documented in BEIP.
“This finding extends the number of sex-related differences in the response to adversity or the foster care intervention documented in BEIP.42–44”
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THE CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATH: HISTORY, NEUROSCIENCE, TREATMENT, AND ECONOMICS.
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Meier, M. H., Slutske, W. S., Arndt, S. V., & Cadoret, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.377 · Cited by 220 · cited 1× · see citing works
“13,38 In this sample of children, however, there were no sex differences at age 12 years in regard to CU traits.”
BackgroundEtiology of Different Developmental Trajectories of Callous-Unemotional Traits
Fontaine, N. M. G., Rijsdijk, F. V., McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. M. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.014 · Cited by 214 · cited 2× · see citing works
“13 Thus, we evaluated the presence of sex differences in the prevention of high levels of CU traits.”
BackgroundHumphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00095-4 · Cited by 199 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previously, we demonstrated a reduction in externalizing psychopathology for BEIP children randomized to foster care, 12 which was limited to boys.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy
Viding, E., & McCrory, E. J. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941200048x · Cited by 195 · cited 2× · see citing works
“5,6 7-9 The challenges that CU traits and psychopathy pose for intervention 3 and the enormous societal costs associated with antisocial behavior make it imperative to develop strategies for preventing the onset of CU traits in those at increased risk.”
BackgroundEarly traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders
Krischer, M., & Sevecke, K. (2008) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.008 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“26-28 Thus, our fi ndings are consistent with other work demonstrating psychosocial deprivation as a risk factor for CU traits, but also extend previous research through the use of an RCT to causally examine the effect of a high-quality foster care intervention on CU traits.”
ResultThe Childhood Experiences of Psychopaths: A Retrospective Study of Familial and Societal Factors
Marshall, L. A., & Cooke, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1999.13.3.211 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Effects of a Parenting Intervention on Features of Psychopathy in Children
McDonald, R., Dodson, M. C., Rosenfield, D., & Jouriles, E. N. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9512-8 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Kolko, D., Bukstein, O., Padini, D., Holden, E. A., Hart, J., & Dorn, L. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9303-7 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Lerner, A., McCord, W., & McCord, J. (1957) · The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology and Police Science · doi:10.2307/1139496 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Individual differences in CU traits are thought to be at least moderately heritable,(5) but environmental contributions to high levels of CU trait development are supported by several observational studies linking experiences of childhood maltreatment to psychopathy and related constructs.(6,8,9) Given the potential f…”
BackgroundMaltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits
Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Isoma, Z., & Donoghue, K. (2013) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559513483002 · Cited by 120 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The development of CU traits has been linked to both genetic and environmental risk factors.(5,6) Exposure to earlylife psychosocial deprivation (neglect), in particular, is postulated as 1 pathway to the development of CU traits and psychopathy, as the lack of an available and responsive caregiver early in life may d…”
BackgroundResultPsychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions
Bezdjian, S., Raine, A., Baker, L. A., & Lynam, D. R. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000966 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Romania’s Abandoned Children: Deprivation, Brain Development, and the Struggle for Recovery
Nelson, C. A. (2014) · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Model of Foster Care for Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.003 · Cited by 112 · cited 1× · see citing works
“15,34 Foster parents in the BEIP intervention were encouraged to meet both the physical and psychological needs of their children, 18 which may be a model for improving extant foster care that too often fails to meet children ’ s needs beyond instrumental care (e.g., food, shelter, clothing).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSomech, L. Y., & Elizur, Y. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.019 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“40-42 An additional fi nding of interest was the moderate and positive levels of agreement between CU traits and both dimensional and diagnostic measures of externalizing psychopathology.”
BackgroundRomania's abandoned children: Deprivation, brain development, and the struggle for recovery.
Billings, L. (2014) · Scientific American · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kumsta, R., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Rutter, M. L. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.089441 · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“CU traits were recently studied in relation to conduct disorder in a sample of previously institutionalized Romanian children adopted into families in the United Kingdom, 25 but no comparison was made between those with prior institutional care and individuals who were never institutionalized.”
BackgroundThe Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children
Millum, J., & Emanuel, E. J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153822 · Cited by 75 · cited 2× · see citing works
“22,23”
MethodThe Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Case Study in the Ethics of Mental Health Research
Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318247d275 · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“22,23”
MethodSelf-citationFoster Care for Young Children: Why It Must Be Developmentally Informed
Zeanah, C. H., Shauffer, C. B., & Dozier, M. G. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.08.001 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“35 Increases in caregiver responsiveness to distress, rather than warmth — which was also found at higher rates in the intervention group ’ s interactions with their primary care-givers — appears to be responsible for the positive outcomes in CU traits observed in this intervention.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWarren, S. L., & Simmens, S. J. (2005) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20034 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“10 Correlational work has found a stronger association between maternal sensitivity and internalizing symptoms at age 3 years for boys than for girls, 37 indicating that boys may be more in fl uenced by differences in caregiver sensitivity.”
BackgroundRodriguez, M. L., Ayduk, O., Aber, J. L., Mischel, W., Sethi, A., & Shoda, Y. (2005) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00294.x · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…and although responsiveness to distress and warmth are both important for socialization, 16 caregiver responsiveness to distress may be more specifically linked to empathy, 15 and greater responsiveness to distress is associated with greater social competence 32 and self-regulation 33 in children.”
BackgroundEnvironmental influences on child and adolescent psychopathy.
Farrington, D. P., Ullrich, S., & Salekin, R. T. (2010) · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Waller, R. E., Shaw, D. S., Forbes, E. E., & Hyde, L. W. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9965-7 · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“10 Correlational work has found a stronger association between maternal sensitivity and internalizing symptoms at age 3 years for boys than for girls, 37 indicating that boys may be more in fl uenced by differences in caregiver sensitivity.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Alternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.024 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationSheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Winter, W., Fox, N., Zeanah, C., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04381-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly deprivation alters structural brain development from middle childhood to adolescence
Sheridan, M. A., Mukerji, C. E., Wade, M., Humphreys, K. L., Garrisi, K., Goel, S., Patel, K., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4316 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture Directions in the Study and Treatment of Parent–Child Separation
Humphreys, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…functioning, as children who remained in their foster families into adolescence fared signi fi cantly better in terms of psychopathology and brain function compared to those foster children who were disrupted from their placements (Humphreys et al., 2015; Vanderwert, Zeanah, Fox, & Nelson, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWright, N., Hill, J., Sharp, H. M., & Pickles, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12867 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The findings are consistent with work with older children suggesting that parental responsiveness to distress may play a role in child empathy development (Davidov & Grusec, 2006; Humphreys et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMaternal depressive symptoms, self-focus, and caregiving behavior
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Choi, P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.072 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…related to children's internalization of values, trusting of parents (Davidov and Grusec, 2006; Grusec et al., 2000), and empathy towards others (Humphreys et al., 2015), warmth has been linked to better regulation of children's positive affect and peer acceptance (Davidov and Grusec, 2006),…”
BackgroundSelf-citationColich, N. L., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Wade, M., Tibu, F., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13347 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…has been shown to have dramatic and positive effects on attachment security (Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010), cognitive ability (Nelson et al., 2007), reward processing (Sheridan et al., 2018), and symptoms of psychopathology (Humphreys et al., 2015) at earlier ages of assessment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeglect, HPA axis reactivity, and development
Reilly, E. B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.07.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Johnson, D. E., Tang, A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Drury, S. S. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.027 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Randomization was implemented by assigning each child a number (1-136) written on a piece of paper, which were then placed in a hat and then drawn at random.”
Self-citationAssociation between childhood maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits in youth: A meta-analysis
Todorov, J. J., Devine, R. T., & Brito, S. A. D. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105049 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Moreover, high quality foster care for children who experienced severe institutional deprivation mitigated the development of CU traits (Humphreys et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMcGinnis, E. W., Sheridan, M., & Copeland, W. E. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942100167x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“However, efforts to evaluate effects of early individual adversities like abuse, neglect, and peer bullying using designs that allow for causal inferences, however, have found support for causal effects (Dinwiddie et al., 2000; Humphreys et al., 2015; Schaefer et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUnzipping empathy in psychopathy: Empathy and facial affect processing in psychopaths
Rijnders, R. J. P., Terburg, D., Bos, P. A., Kempes, M. M., & van Honk, J. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.020 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lehmann, S., Monette, S., EGGER, H. L., Breivik, K., Young, D., Davidson, C., & Minnis, H. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118797422 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Severe early deprivation (Humphreys et al., 2015), as well as poor positive parenting in low-income families (Waller, Shaw, & Hyde, 2017), seem to increase the risk for CU traits.”
BackgroundGuyon‐Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Unlike previous findings about other forms of psychopathology in this sample (Humphreys et al., 2015, 2015; Zeanah et al., 2009), we did not find sex differences in relation to RAD.”
Self-citationTeachman, B. A., McKay, D., Barch, D. M., Prinstein, M. J., Hollon, S. D., & Chambless, D. L. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000361 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Umbach, R., & Tottenham, N. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000401 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Evidence has pointed to both genetic and environmental (e.g., early deprivation, negative parenting) etiologies of CU traits (Humphreys et al., 2015; Hyde et al., 2016; Waller, Gardner, & Hyde, 2013).”
BackgroundMualem, R., Morales-Quezada, L., Farraj, R. H., Shance, S., Bernshtein, D. H., Cohen, S., Mualem, L., Salem, N., Yehuda, R. R., Zbedat, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1376075 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.441 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHumphreys, K. L., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Tibu, F., Wade, M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000613 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationParenting in the Context of the Child: Genetic and Social Processes
Reiss, D., Ganiban, J. M., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., & Natsuaki, M. N. (2022) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12460 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Grusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108920780 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Waschbusch, D. A., Breaux, R., & Baweja, R. K. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.02.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Relatedly, callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with malreatment and neglect (Humphreys et al., 2015: Kimonis, Cross, Howard, & Donoghue, 2013) and attachment problems Pasalich, Dadds, Hawes, & Brennan, 2012).”
Residential care as an alternative care option: A review of literature within a global context
Giraldi, M., Mitchell, F., Porter, R. B., Reed, D., Jans, V., McIver, L., Manole, M., & McTier, A. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12929 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57990-0_6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, F., Kainth, G., Macdonald, S., O’Connor, R. C., Crawford, K., & Minnis, H. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105983 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Furthermore, high quality foster care during these very early stages of development not only mitigates against the effects of early maltreatment (Gleason et al., 2011) but has shown sustainable positive effects over time (e.g., Humphreys et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTang, A., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationFriendship and social functioning following early institutional rearing: The role of ADHD symptoms
Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Gee, D. G., Park, V., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001050 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, J. L., & Thomas, L. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14317 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Direct relationships between poor perceived health and unstable placement histories (Villodas, Litrownik, Newton, & Davis, 2016) and between poor emotional development and caregiver involvement (Humphreys et al., 2015) have been noted for young adults who have been in foster care.”
BackgroundPetrican, R., Paine, A. L., Escott‐Price, V., & Shelton, K. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28057-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Autonomic nervous system activity and callous-unemotional traits in physically maltreated youth
Portnoy, J., Cui, N., Raine, A., Frazier, A., Rudo-Hutt, A. S., & Liu, J. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104308 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Engh, L., Janson, S., Svensson, B., Bornehag, C., & Eriksson, U. (2017) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13966 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zutshi, I., Gupta, S., Zanoletti, O., Sandi, C., & Poirier, G. L. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01659-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pasalich, D. S., Aquilina, B., Hassall, A., Goulter, N., Xyrakis, N., & Khoo, A. L. Y. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00445-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Only the RCT of a foster parent intervention reported benefits for preventing CU traits, and at least in boys, this was accounted for by intervention-induced improvements in caregiver responsiveness to child distress (Humphreys et al., 2015).”
InfluentialNo hard feelings: maternal emotion socialization and callous–unemotional traits in children
Northam, J. C., Fisher, C., Burman, C., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01835-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adolescents with Persistent History of Maltreatment Fail in Antisaccadic Task
Jošt, J., Havlisová, H., Bílková, Z., Stefankova, Z., & Zemkova, L. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0195-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tracy, D. K., Joyce, D. W., & Shergill, S. S. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.208.2.201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dissociable Effects of Early and Adolescent Adversity on Emotional ContagionPreprint
Maldonado, P. P., Berretta, E., Canicatti, V., Feng, X., Soyman, E., Cuturela, L., Sadeghi, M., Babiczky, Á., Goebel, G., Krugers, H. J., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702530
“Modern studies confirm this association: children raised in institutional settings exhibit higher levels of callous-unemotional traits 11 .”
Korunmaya İhtiyacı Olan Çocukların Psikososyal Durumları: Ergoterapinin Rolü ve Önemi
Yalçın, A., & Abaoğlu, H. (2025) · Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi · doi:10.57224/jhpr.1620003
Taheri, S., Khaneghahi, S., & Fardin, M. A. (2025) · Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies · doi:10.5812/mejrh-147954
Martin, A., Fritz, G. K., Hudziak, J. J., Myers, K., & Szigethy, E. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.504
The Importance of Early Nurturance for Social Development
Luby, J. L. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.008
- Authors
- Humphreys, K. L., McGoron, L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeanah, Charles H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 977-983
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4660264
- OpenAlex
- W1898287475
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH092555, R01MH091363, K01MH092526, MH091363)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD083091)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- callous-unemotional traits, foster care, early deprivation, institutional upbringing, psychopathy, caregiver responsiveness, psychosocial interventions, Bucharest Early Intervention Project, boys
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child, Child, Institutionalized, Empathy, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Male, Psychosocial Deprivation, Romania, Sex Factors, Logistic Models, Caregivers
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