Psychiatric outcomes following severe deprivation in early childhood: Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial at age 16.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Early psychosocial deprivation is associated with increased risk for psychopathology, yet few studies have examined outcomes in adolescents. METHOD: At baseline (M age 22 months), 136 children from Bucharest, Romania, living in large institutions, were randomized into foster care (FCG) or to care as usual (CAUG). Caregivers completed psychiatric interviews regarding their children (52 FCG; 51 CAUG) at age 16 years (M = 16.67 years; SD = 0.78) to assess past year diagnoses and symptom counts. In addition, never-institutionalized community comparison children (n = 47) were included. RESULTS: Ever-institutionalized children had higher rates of meeting criteria for any psychiatric disorder and higher symptom counts of internalizing, externalizing, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and substance use disorders compared to never-institutionalized children (ps < .05). Using intent-to-treat analyses, we found that children in the CAUG had more than twice the rate of psychiatric disorders than children in the FCG (OR = 2.48, 95% CI [1.12, 5.48]). Furthermore, children in foster care who remained in their original placement did not significantly differ in their rates of psychiatric disorders compared to never-institutionalized children. CONCLUSIONS: There are many ways children can be separated from parents, including placement into institutional care. The current findings indicate that such placements are associated with significant risks for psychopathology. Moreover, we provide causal evidence for the long-lasting positive effect of foster care in reducing the risk of psychopathology in adolescence, especially among those in stable placements. These results provide strong evidence that early and stable placements into quality foster care may mitigate risk for psychopathology following severe early psychosocial deprivation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Foster care intervention was linked to fewer internalizing symptoms during childhood and adolescence, particularly among girls.
“foster care intervention was linked to fewer internalizing symptoms during childhood and adolescence, particularly among girls (Bick et al., 2015;Humphreys et al., 2020;King et al., 2023;McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2020
The Results (Disorder Rates by Intent-to-Treat Grouping; page unavailable) report fewer internalizing disorders in the foster-care group at age 16. The paper describes earlier benefits as shifting from internalizing to externalizing disorders across development, so it does not establish fewer internalizing symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence. The Results (Analyses by Sex; page unavailable) say the intervention effect on any psychiatric disorder was similar in magnitude for boys and girls, although statistically significant only for girls; they do not establish a stronger effect on girls’ internalizing symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFoster care intervention was associated with weak improvements in internalizing symptoms for boys and strong improvements for girls.
“Strong improvements in attachment disorder symptoms; moderate improvements in externalizing symptoms and adaptive functioning; weak improvements in internalizing symptoms for boys (strong for girls)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2020
The Results (Disorder Rates by Intent-to-Treat Grouping; page unavailable) report fewer internalizing disorders in the foster-care group. But the Results (Analyses by Sex; page unavailable) say the intervention effect on any psychiatric disorder was similar in magnitude for boys and girls, though statistically significant only for girls. That does not establish weak improvement in boys versus strong improvement in girls specifically for internalizing symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWithin the FCG, more stable caregiving placements have been associated with improved mental health outcomes during adolescence.
“Within the FCG, more stable caregiving placements have been associated with improved mental health outcomes during adolescence (Humphreys et al., 2020)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2020
Within the FCG, more stable caregiving environments during childhood have been associated with better mental health outcomes in adolescence.
“within the FCG, more stable caregiving environments during childhood have been associated with better mental health outcomes in adolescence (Humphreys et al., 2020)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · see citing works
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2009), and on types of disorder more prevalent in boys versus girls (Costello et al., 2003), we conducted exploratory analyses in which the above aims were rerun within each sex separately.”
MethodSHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., LUCAS, C. P., DULCAN, M. K., & SCHWAB-STONE, M. E. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 · Cited by 3,505 · see citing works
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Greif Green, J., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
The Impact of Placement Stability on Behavioral Well-being for Children in Foster Care
Rubin, D. M., O'Reilly, A. L. R., Luan, X., & Localio, A. R. (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1995 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Persistence and Fadeout in the Impacts of Child and Adolescent Interventions
Bailey, D. H., Duncan, G. J., Odgers, C. L., & Yu, W. (2016) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Adolescent mental health—opportunity and obligation
Lee, F. S., Heimer, H., Giedd, J. N., Lein, E. S., Šestan, N., Weinberger, D. R., & Casey, B. J. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260497 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review
Gypen, L., Vanderfaeillie, J., Maeyer, S. D., Belenger, L. M., & Holen, F. V. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.02.035 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Nelson, C. A., & Gabard-Durnam, L. J. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.002 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationZEANAH, C. H., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., SMYKE, A. T., MARSHALL, P., PARKER, S. W., & KOGA, S. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000452 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience among abused and neglected children grown up
McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940100414x · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Kennedy, M., Kumsta, R., Knights, N., Golm, D., Rutter, M., Maughan, B., Schlotz, W., & Kreppner, J. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30045-4 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children
Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H. L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30399-2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationNeglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationMental and Physical Health of Children in Foster Care
Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1118 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Stevens, S. E., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Kreppner, J. M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., & Rutter, M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9185-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Kreppner, J., Rutter, M. L., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., O’Connor, T. G., Stevens, S. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.93 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.165 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationKreppner, J. M., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., O'Connor, T. G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.931 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Romania's Abandoned Children: Deprivation, Brain Development, and the Struggle for Recovery
Nelson, C. A. (2014) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674726079 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationLeathers, S. J. (2006) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.003 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00095-4 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationZeanah, C. H., Gunnar, M. R., McCall, R. B., Kreppner, J. M., & Fox, N. A. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationRutter (2010) · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2010.00548.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationDesmond, C., Watt, K., Saha, A., Huang, J., & Lu, C. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30022-5 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Kreppner, J., O'connor, T. G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000278 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
How Early Experience Shapes Human Development: The Case of Psychosocial Deprivation
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/1676285 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in adolescence
Ordaz, S. J., & Luna, B. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral and emotional symptoms of post-institutionalized children in middle childhood
Wiik, K. L., Loman, M. M., Van Ryzin, M. J., Armstrong, J. M., Essex, M. J., Pollak, S. D., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02294.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Sheridan, M. A., Marshall, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.005 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRedding, R. E., Fried, C. S., & Britner, P. A. (2000) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1009418809133 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology
McGoron, L., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., Drury, S. S., Nelson, C. A., Gregas, M. C., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.004 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial deprivation, executive functions and the emergence of socio-emotional behavior problems
McDermott, J. M., Troller-Renfree, S., Vanderwert, R., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00167 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Model of Foster Care for Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren's wellbeing in care: Evidence from a longitudinal study of outcomes
Fernández, E. (2009) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.07.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children
Millum, J., & Emanuel, E. J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153822 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ethical considerations are discussed in detail elsewhere (Millum & Emanuel, 2007; Zeanah, Fox, & Nelson, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Case Study in the Ethics of Mental Health Research
Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318247d275 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationWade, M., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2556 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture Directions in the Study and Treatment of Parent–Child Separation
Humphreys, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationWade, M., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001764 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationX. CONCLUSIONS: OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS FROM THE ERA STUDY, INFERENCES, AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS
Rutter, M. L., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2010) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2010.00557.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Stressful Life Events, ADHD Symptoms, and Brain Structure in Early Adolescence
Humphreys, K., Watts, E. L., Dennis, E., King, L. S., Thompson, P., & Gotlib, I. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0443-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationGolm, D., Maughan, B., Barker, E. D., Hill, J., Kennedy, M., Knights, N., Kreppner, J., Kumsta, R., Schlotz, W., Rutter, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13205 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12865 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationHumphreys, K. L., McGoron, L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing long-term placements for young children in care: Does placement type really matter?
McSherry, D., Fargas, M., & Weatherall, K. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.07.021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Troller‐Renfree, S. V., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12251 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationVulnerability and resilience after early institutional care: The Greek Metera study
Vorria, P., Ntouma, M., & Rutter, M. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000243 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Strijker J, Van Oijen S, & Knot-Dickscheit J (2011). Assessment of problem behaviour by foster parents and their foster children. Child & Family Social Work, 16, 93– 100. 10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00717.x · DOI
- Zeanah CH, Smyke AT, & Settles L (2006). Children in orphanages. In McCartney K & Phillips D (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of early childhood development (pp. 224– 254). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning
Wade, M., Wright, L., & Finegold, K. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02001-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood
Scattolin, M. A. D. A., Resegue, R., & do Rosário, M. C. (2021) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wade, M., Parsons, J., Humphreys, K. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2022) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12462 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationDuprey, E. B., Handley, E. D., Wyman, P. A., Ross, A. J., Cerulli, C., & Oshri, A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000414 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Children's Attention and Self-Regulatory Behavior Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Raghunathan, R. S., Musci, R. J., Voegtline, K., Thomas, T. C., & Johnson, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001027 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bali, P., Sonuga‐Barke, E., Mohr‐Jensen, C., Demontis, D., & Minnis, H. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12169 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Environmental Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Kadlaskar, G., Piergies, A. M. H., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gateau, K., Schlueter, L. J., Pierce, L. J., Thompson, B. L., Gharib, A., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Nelson, C. A., & Levitt, P. R. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001984 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationWade, M., Sheridan, M. A., Drury, S. S., Tibu, F., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00249-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPractice and Policy Regarding Child Neglect: Lessons from Studies of Institutional Deprivation
Zeanah, C. H., & King, L. S. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121020-031658 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Life Stress Impairs VTA Coordination of BLA Network and Behavioral States
Stone, B. T., Antonoudiou, P., Teboul, E., Scarpa, G. B., Weiss, G. L., & Maguire, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0088-24.2025 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wagner, B., Reuter, L., & van Noort, B. M. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34706 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Touloumakos, A. Κ., Adamopoulou, E., & Evangelou-Tsitiridou, M. (2023) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.26786 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Childhood Maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder
Salavati, M., & Selby, E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75503-3_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, F., & Yin, X. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Beeghly, M. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000555 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lurie, L. A., Gruhn, M. A., Garrisi, K., McLaughlin, K. A., Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2025) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, F., & Yin, X. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6178867/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hare, M. M., Humphreys, K. L., Cosmoiu, A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2026) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0002029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKanel, D., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., Zeanah, C., Nelson, C. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101440
Self-citationKinder und Jugendliche in Pflegefamilien
Bachmann, C., Bürzle, J., & Fegert, J. M. (2023) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49289-5_47-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Holt-Gosselin, B., Adri, F., Humphreys, K. L., & Nelson, C. A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101837
“Third, within the FCG, more stable caregiving environments during childhood have been associated with better mental health outcomes in adolescence (Humphreys et al., 2020), suggesting that both caregiving quality and consistency matter above and beyond the initial removal from institutional care.”
InfluentialSelf-citationGateau, K., Schlueter, L. J., Pierce, L. J., Thompson, B. L., Gharib, A., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Nelson, C. A., & Levitt, P. R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1950527/v1
Self-citationKinder und Jugendliche in Pflegefamilien
Bachmann, C., Bürzle, J., & Fegert, J. M. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66744-6_47
Centering the Young Child: A Developmental Case for Child Welfare Reform
Harden, B. J., & Zeanah, C. H. (2025) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894251328144
Self-citationKorunmaya İhtiyacı Olan Çocukların Psikososyal Durumları: Ergoterapinin Rolü ve Önemi
Yalçın, A., & Abaoğlu, H. (2025) · Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi · doi:10.57224/jhpr.1620003
The Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Intensive Therapy
Pilishvili, T., & А., Ч. Е. (2026) · International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE) · doi:10.1109/reepe69046.2026.11481330
- Authors
- Humphreys, K. L., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Tibu, F., Wade, M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava (RO)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1079-1090
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC7909607
- OpenAlex
- W3113867032
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH091363)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Jacobs Foundation (2017-1261-05)
- Sponsor name not included (T32HP22240)
- ERA-Net Neuron (UEFISCDI 102/2019)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early childhood deprivation, institutional care, foster care, psychopathology, mental illness, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, child mental health, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Institutionalized, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Foster Home Care, Humans, Male, Psychopathology, Psychosocial Deprivation, Romania
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
