The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Meta-analysis finding that childhood ADHD, ODD, CD, and depression increase risk of later substance-related disorders, with substantial heterogeneity.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 15 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Exceptions to the first limitation are 2 recent metaanalyses that focused on childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the development of substance-related disorders prospectively, which showed an increased risk.6,7”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Charach, 2011, Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: comparative meta-analyses, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Supportedcites [7] Lee, 2011, Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review, Clin Psychol Rev source
The Discussion describes this paper as a meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies and reports that childhood ADHD predicted later substance use disorders. It supports the claim as one of the two cited meta-analyses; this paper alone does not establish what the other found. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We included DSMdefined outcomes (e.g., SUDs, alcohol use disorder) and heavy use, because heavy use is responsible for similar consequences (e.g., health, social) as dependence.16”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > METHOD Study Selection
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Rehm, 2013, Defining substance use disorders: do we really need more than heavy use?, Alcohol Alcoholism source
In “The Relationship Between Heavy Use, Substance Use Disorders and Consequences” (page not provided), the paper identifies heavy use over time as a primary driver of social harms and the majority of substance-attributable disease and mortality. It also reports comparable alcohol-mortality burdens for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence, supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The disorders included in anxiety disorders appear to have a differential risk for substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Wittchen, 2007, Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents, Drug Alcohol Depend sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.3) and Discussion (§4; page numbers unavailable) report different associations for individual anxiety disorders: panic-anxiety predicted cannabis use, while specific phobias and GAD were associated with cannabis use disorder. This supports a differential pattern, but the study examined cannabis outcomes, not substance-related disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR drugs 4.24, 95% CI 1.3.21.5.59”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Individuals with CD were at increased risk for developing alcohol-related disorder (OR 1.73), nicotine-related disorder (OR 4.22), drug-related disorder (OR 4.24), and any SUDs (OR 4.86”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 434- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression did not show significant effects, but age at baseline and follow-up age lowered I 2”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There also was an indication for publication bias in the results concerning ADHD and the aggregated measurement of addiction (Egger test t ¼ 3.78, p ¼ .001,failsafe N ¼ 5,003) and nicotine-related disorders (Egger test t ¼ 4.04, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 2,502).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nicotine-related disorder (OR 1.23)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, studies including participants with a clinically established diagnosis showed larger ESs compared with those studies including participants with questionnaire-based or structured interview-based diagnoses (Table 3).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all other outcomes, there was no evidence for publication bias (Table 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR drugs 1.52, 95% CI 1.52-5.27”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“individuals with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol-related disorder (OR 2.15), nicotine-related disorder (OR 2.52), drug-related disorder (OR 1.52), and any SUDs (OR 2.61”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“another found the highest risk in childhood internalizing disorders, 9”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [9] Wittchen, 2007, Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents, Drug Alcohol Depend sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the most pronounced associations with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were among people with multiple disorders, not those with childhood internalizing disorders. It also says the implications of early childhood conditions for that risk were not addressed in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“We suggest that although selfmedication plays a part in the co-occurrence of mental health disorders and substance-related disorders, a shared liability between the disorders likewise plays a role.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60][61][62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Pettersson, 2016, Common psychiatric disorders share the same genetic origin: a multivariate sibling study of the Swedish population, Mol Psychiatry source
- Could not verifycites [64] 2013, Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results discuss shared genetic liability among five psychiatric disorders, but none of the five is a substance-related disorder. Searches for self-medication, substance use, addiction, and alcohol dependence found no passage addressing the claimed co-occurrence or its proposed explanations. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Hill, 1999, Psychopathology and achievement in children at high risk for developing alcoholism, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study found the highest risk for substance-related disorders in childhood externalizing disorders, 8”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Gau, 2007, Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study, Br J Psychiatry source
The Method section describes children assessed at about age 12 and followed for the onset of substance use disorder. In Table 3 (Psychiatric predictors; page not available), conduct disorder, ADHD, and oppositional defiant disorder have higher hazard ratios than the depressive and anxiety disorders listed, supporting the claim about externalizing disorders. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and another study found a decreased risk compared with controls in those with childhood anxiety disorders.8”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Gau, 2007, Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study, Br J Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 3 (page not provided) reports a lower estimated risk of substance use disorder for adolescents with anxiety disorder than for those without it (hazard ratio 0.69 versus 1.00). But the 95% confidence interval (0.29–1.65) includes 1, and the Psychiatric predictors section says anxiety disorders did not significantly predict substance use disorder. The claim omits that uncertainty. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and another found a relatively equal risk for childhood internalizing and externalizing disorders.10”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] Copeland, 2009, Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on childhood-to-young-adulthood prediction report later disorders associated with childhood anxiety or depression and with childhood conduct or oppositional defiant disorder. They do not compare the risks for internalizing and externalizing disorders as groups or establish that those risks are relatively equal. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or SUDs (OR 1.22”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven studies including more than 762,187 participants were identified for quantitative analyses.”
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
“Thirty-seven studies including 762,187 participants were identified for quantitative analyses; for a summary, see Table 1”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plainn = 762,187- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression showed significantly larger ESs in those studies including participants younger at baseline and those with higher quality ratings.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ninety-seven effects sizes were extracted for analyses.”
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
“In total, 97 ESs were extracted for analyses.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total response rate of 73% was reached.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, the Egger test, and the Rosenthal failsafe N.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Meta-Regression.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two researchers conducted all review stages.”
- Also stated in: § METHOD Study Selection · plain
“Authors A.G. and T.J. (postdoctoral researchers) performed the selection of studies.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § METHOD Study Selection · plain
In the paper
“one study found the highest risk for substance-related Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.disorder in those with childhood anxiety disorders compared with other disorders, 4”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Conway, 2016, Association of lifetime mental disorders and subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use: results from the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies have shown that ADHD is a risk factor for substance-related disorders, [12][13][14] whereas others have shown that the risk for substance-related disorders is carried by comorbid ODD or CD. 15”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12][13][14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] August, 2006, Prospective study of adolescent drug use among community samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed (available on request).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“Authors A.G. and T.J. independently rated the quality of the selected studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.24”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Published 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interrater discrepancies were resolved by consensus.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Substantial agreement was found between the authors (k ¼ 0.92).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leave-oneout analyses did not show that removal of any studies would lead to a change in results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating the risk found in persons with a childhood mental health disorder is not the result of poor quality studies but is truly concerning.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible explanation for these inconsistent results is that Serra-Pinheiro et al. included studies that were statistically adjusted for the impact of not only comorbid ODD or CD but also other measurements, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, parental substance use, and comorbidities other than ODD or CD, significantly decreasing the ecologic validity of their findings.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of stringent criteria for selecting studies applied across disorders increases the comparability of the results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were able to assess only the effects of comorbid ODD or CD in ADHD but did not have data to study the effects of other comorbidities in other disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Including high-risk participants (children of parents with a psychiatric disorder or substance-related problems, or participants with prenatal exposure to substances) would artificially inflate the risk of substance-related problems and cloud the generalizability of results concerning mental health disorders.
“We did not consider studies that included high-risk participants (i.e., children of parents with a psychiatric disorder or substance-related problems or participants with prenatal exposure to substances), because we believed this would artificially inflate the risk of substance-related problems, clouding the generalizability of results concerning mental health disorders.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many large epidemiologic and clinical studies show that ADHD often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, especially depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Groenman et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In all four meta-analyses, childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of SUD in adolescence or early adulthood, compared with non-ADHD controls, with mean odds-ratios (OR) ranging from 1.34 to 3.48 (small-to-moderate association) for different types of SUD.”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Child- and adolescent-onset psychopathology is known to increase the risk for developing substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similar findings have been shown for virtually all major psychiatric disorders of childhood (Groenman et al. 2017).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (13 studies, over 20,000 participants) and nicotine-related disorder (14 studies, over 1,800 participants) (Groenman et al., 2017).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Groenman et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for the development of substance abuse and substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescence and (early) adulthood.”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two to three times more likely to develop an SUD (Wilens et al. 2011; Groenman et al. 2017).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
“and nicotine-related disorders (Egger test t ¼ 4.04, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 2,502).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| | Drugs | Random | 12 | 1.52 | 1.52e5.27 | 3.28 | .001 | 1.04 | 339.16 | <.001 | 96.76 | 4.04 | .002 | 2,502 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
“depression and addiction (Egger test t ¼ 4.34, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 221).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| Depression | Addiction | Random | 13 | 2.03 | 1.47e2.81 | 4.26 | <.001 | 0.23 | 61.91 | <.001 | 80.62 | 4.39 | .001 | 211 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“but not for anxiety disorders (n ¼ 15, OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.90-1.55,not significant).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| Anxiety | Addiction | Random | 14 | 1.15 | 0.90e1.55 | 1.21 | .27 | 0.55 | 34.02 | .001 | 61.79 | 0.40 | .69 | 1 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“ODD or CD (n ¼ 8, OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.97-5.80;”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| ODD or CD | Addiction | Random | 9 | 3.38 | 1.97e5.80 | 4.41 | <.001 | 0.59 | 108.09 | <.001 | 92.60 | - | - | 229 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Eighteen studies reported solely on ADHD, 1 study reported on ODD and CD, 8 studies reported on anxiety disorders, 7 reported on depression, and 5 studies reported on combinations of these disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Studies Included in Meta-Analysis
Reported 37 · recomputed 39
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“These studies included 22,029 participants with ADHD, 434 participants with ODD or CD, 1,433 participants with anxiety disorder, and 2,451 participants with depression.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Meta-Regression.
“Heron et al., 2013 53 CD CD 873, control 2,714”
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“43,44 In our own sample, alcohol, opioid, and stimulant use disorders were the most common, a similar trend often seen in individuals with mood disorders, 45,46 suggesting greater vulnerability to multi-substance use in mood disorder populations.”
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“Some examples related to behavioral problems at an early age are crime, violence, and fight (8-10), substance and alcohol abuse (8, 11), subsequent mental disorders (12, 13), problems in academic”
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Harm Reduction and Substance Use in Adolescents
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Wyler, H., van Wijnkoop, M., Smith, A. J., Retz, W., Liebrenz, M., & Buadze, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403618 · Cited by 4
Spezielle Risikogruppen für Suchtstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Waedel, L., Breitwieser, A., Herdering, R., Jörke, C. M., Legenbauer, T., & Reis, O. (2025) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-024-02128-y · Cited by 3
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“Particularly, child - hood ADHD has been associated with later development of major depression [5, 6], bipolar disorder [7], and drug-and alcohol-related disorders [ 8 ].”
Kim, S.-J., & Kim, D. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108490 · Cited by 4
Evaluación del Consumo de Drogas en Adolescentes con y sin TDAH. Nuevas Evidencias y Recomendaciones
Folgar, M. I., Mariñas, D. L., Ferreiro, S. G., Salgado, P. G., & Boubeta, A. R. (2021) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep60.3.04 · Cited by 2
“En un meta-análisis realizado por Groenman, Janssen y Oosterlaan (2017) indican que es más frecuente el consumo de drogas en los individuos diagnosticados con TDAH que en sus iguales sin el diagnóstico del trastorno.”
BackgroundKaminer, Y., Chan, G., & Burke, R. H. (2022) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13307 · Cited by 3
Więckiewicz, G., Stokłosa, I., Stokłosa, M., Więckiewicz, W., Gorczyca, P. W., & Gondek, T. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184023 · Cited by 5
Low, A. Y. T., Wong, D. F. K., Kwok, S., Man, K. W., & Ip, S. Y. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2023.2296894 · Cited by 3
“Adults at risk of suicide and mental disorders also tend to have a childhood history of anxiety (Hill et al., 2011) and substance use disorders (Groenman et al., 2017).”
Seddon, J. A., Reaume, C. L., & Thomassin, K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06382-y · Cited by 3
Attention Problems in Childhood and Subsequent Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescence
Casseus, M., Corman, H., Noonan, K., & Reichman, N. E. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251352364 · Cited by 3
“…longitudinal studies have provided invaluable information on ADHD as a risk factor, but the focus has generally been on childhood ADHD diagnosis as a predictor of adult substance use behaviors (Charach et al., 2011; Erskine et al., 2016; Groenman et al., 2017; B. S. G. Molina et al., 2018).”
Baweja, R. K., Pawar, A. K. S., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Wilens, T. E. (2025) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20250729-01 · Cited by 3
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Methodological Advances in Leveraging Neuroimaging Datasets in Adolescent Substance Use Research
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Karlsson, P., Ekendahl, M., & Raninen, J. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2155478 · Cited by 4
“Though the relationship between ADHD and substance use is widely researched (e.g., Heradstveit et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2011; Yoshimasu et al., 2016), a number of questions remain unresolved (Molina & Pelham, 2014).”
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Individual factors associated with the consumption of illicit substances: a review of reviews
Scoppetta, O., Prieto, B. L. A., & Cassiani-Miranda, C. A. (2022) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2022.08.002 · Cited by 2
Rissanen, A. M., Roine, R. P., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Sintonen, H., & Lindberg, N. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0004 · Cited by 2
Stone, B. M. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2280592 · Cited by 4
“…support, including socialization (Reed & Rountree, 1997; Studer et al., 2014), poverty (Gibbs et al., 2018; Thompson et al., 2013), psychopathology (Groenman et al., 2017; Iqbal et al., 2019), stress or grief (Chaplin et al., 2018; Parisi et al., 2019), childhood maltreatment (Cicchetti & Handley,…”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Asherson, P. J., Balázs, J., Bitter, I., Carpentier, P. J., Jaeschke, R. R., Mohr, P., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Rossi, P. D., Semerci, B., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067287.010 · Cited by 3
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Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos:
Neto, R. C. D. S. A., Lins, R. A., & Guimarães, M. C. S. (2023) · Psicologia Argumento · doi:10.7213/psicolargum.41.115.ao01 · Cited by 1
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“…has identified several predisposing factors to SUDs, ranging from interpersonal conflict (Studer et al., 2014) to economic hardships, such as poverty and unemployment (Gibbs et al., 2018; Thompson et al., 2013), compounded by a myriad of psychopathology (Groenman et al., 2017; Iqbal et al., 2019).”
Liu, Y., Jiang, H., Nie, Z., Yu, B., Qiu, X., Zuo, H., & Han, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1493580 · Cited by 1
Blondino, C., Perera, R. A., Neale, M. C., Roberson‐Nay, R., Lü, J., & Prom‐Wormley, E. C. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2424382 · Cited by 1
“…youth precede substance use in both boys and girls whereas (2) substance use (e.g., alcohol and marijuana) in youth predict internalizing disorders in adulthood specifically for women (Colder et al., 2013; Groenman et al., 2017; Maggs et al., 2008; Miettunen et al., 2014; Monshouwer et al., 2006).”
Assari, S., Najand, B., & Sheikhattari, P. (2025) · Open Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.31586/ojms.2025.1181 · Cited by 1
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Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders
Reichert, R. A., Andrade, F. R. T., Reichert, N. C. M., Fidalgo, T. M., de MICHELI, D., & da Silveira, D. X. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82614-6_23 · Cited by 3
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Stigma and Diagnostic Overshadowing in People with Mental Disorder and Substance Addiction
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Case Report: Substance fixation in autism spectrum disorder with resultant anorexia nervosa
Arney, L. A., Uymatiao, R. P., & White, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1630528 · Cited by 1
“Primary care physicians and psychiatrists must routinely monitor their ASD patients for SUD and ED, especially during periods of emotional distress and functional decline.”
InfluentialGender Diversity, Substance Cognitions, and Alcohol, Nicotine/Tobacco, and Cannabis Use Among Youth
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Review of Risk Factors for Opioid Misuse and Addiction Following Traumatic Injury
Lawler, N. J., Sobhani, B., Salihu, E. Y., Muller, H., Edwards, J., Ringo, M., & Brown, R. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14050564 · Cited by 1
“Depression is a common mental health diagnosis and known risk factor for the development of substance use disorder over time on its own [60].”
ADHD and Substance Abuse in Children and Adolescents
Sadek, J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45635-5_7 · Cited by 1
Case Report: Carisoprodol Abuse in Adolescence
Gupta, M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.11525 · Cited by 1
“Childhood ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and depression increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders [9].”
BackgroundDifferences in Co-occurring Disorder Timing, Onset, and Sequence by Gender
van Draanen, J., & Upchurch, D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00799-w · Cited by 1
“Despite the high burden of disease and population prevalence that exists across multiple psychiatric disorder types and multiple substances (Groenman et al., 2017), experiences of COD for”
BackgroundInternalizing and Related Disorders
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Treatment Planning for Transition to Adult Services
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ADHD Symptom Malingering and Nonmedical Drug Use in Adults
Ramachandran, S., Pavlacic, J. M., Young, J. N., & Bentley, J. P. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_11 · Cited by 1
Mattos, P., de Moraes, C. E. F., Sichieri, R., Hay, P., Faraone, S. V., & Appolinário, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241229097 · Cited by 4
“…also found such association: one of them showed that individuals with ADHD were 50% more likely to develop a drug or alcohol disorder (Lee et al., 2011); the other one found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (Groenman et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMüller, S., Strauß, M., & Steinberg, H. (2024) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-024-01669-7 · Cited by 2
Goldberg, A. E., Siracusa, L., Shuster, S., & Brodzinsky, D. M. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108207 · Cited by 1
Johnson, C. L., Dawson, G., Smith, R., Gandhi, S., Hearps, S. J. C., Quach, J., Oberklaid, F., & Darling, S. J. (2025) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-025-09763-0 · Cited by 1
“…mental health problems that arise during childhood can often be the precursors to later development of more protracted problems, which are correlated with a number of detrimental outcomes for good health across the lifespan (Gibb et al., 2010; Groenman et al., 2017; Mulraney et al., 2021).”
Özgen, M. H., Ünsel‐Bolat, G., Spijkerman, R., van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V. M., Ercan, E. S., & İnal, N. (2021) · Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2021.18291 · Cited by 1
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Males: The Medicalization of Boyhood?
Whitley, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86320-3_4 · Cited by 2
Hebert, K. R., & McReynolds, S. (2023) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2023.2177236 · Cited by 1
“Children with ADHD are more likely to experience negative outcomes including lower academic achievement, impaired social functioning, and higher rates of substance abuse than peers (Fleming et al., 2017; Groenman, Janssen, & Oosterlaan, 2017; Ros & Graziano, 2017).”
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lazar, S. M., & Voigt, R. G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824060-1.00017-1 · Cited by 1
Virtanen, S. (2021) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
Hoffmann, J. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00072-5 · Cited by 1
Batty, G. D., Gissler, M., Mousavi, S. E., Warrier, V., Ford, T. J., & Keski‐Säntti, M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.25330197 · Cited by 1
¿Nuevas drogas en el adolescente?
Guerrero, O. S., & Fernández, S. I. M. (2018) · Acta Pediátrica de México · doi:10.18233/apm39no4pp352-3551645
Störungen durch Substanzgebrauch und Suchtverhalten
Steinhausen, H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21083-9.00020-9
ADHD Symptoms, Comorbidities, Social, and Familial Adversities on Offences
Gopalan, R. T. (2020) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5495-1.ch017
Editorial: Sex-Specific Developmental Trajectories of Psychopathology: The Case of Substance Misuse
Groenman, A. P. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.010
Self-citationWootton, R. E., Lawn, R., Magnus, M., Treur, J., Corfield, E., Njølstad, P., Andreassen, O., Lawlor, D., Munafò, M., Håberg, S., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.22272772 · Cited by 1
Winters, K. C., & Ingwalson, A. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190678487.003.0005
Externalizing and Related Disorders
Winters, K. C., & Ingwalson, A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190678487.003.0007
Miranda, R. (2022) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14567-4_17
Horváth, Z. (2022) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2021.175
Neprily, K., Miller, C., Charabin, E., Jelinkova, K., & Climie, E. A. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24926-6_29
DELAY DISCOUNTING AND POLYDIPSIA IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE (SHR) AND LEWIS (LEW) RATS
Aparício, C. F. (2023) · CONDUCTUAL · doi:10.59792/gsdu1779 · Cited by 1
Researching Eyesight Trends IN ADHD (RETINA)
Choudhury, R. A., Adducci, A., Sarwar, H., & Hale, E. W. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231203169
“…substance use disorder, unintentional physical injuries, and of particular interest to this study, eye disorders (Chen et al., 2017; M. H. Chen et al., 2018; Q. Chen et al., 2018; Groenman et al., 2017; Ho et al., 2019; Kapellen et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2011; Ruiz-Goikoetxea et al., 2018).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Link Between Direct and Indirect Self-Injurious Behavior
Møhl, B., & Rubæk, L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.61
Substance Use Disorder in Punjab: Patterns, Challenges, and Implications
Jain, A. (2023) · International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences · doi:10.22161/ijels.85.32
Whitley, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42082-5_4
Dugre, J. R., Giguère, C., & Potvin, S. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107939 · Cited by 1
Walitza, S., Smigielski, L., & Gerlach, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65267-1_8 · Cited by 2
Ivanov, I., Krone, B., Schulz, K. P., Shaik, R., Parvaz, M. A., & Newcorn, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231219762
“However, some have argued that the association between ADHD and SUD is mainly accounted for by comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD; Pingault et al., 2013).”
ResultWyler, H., van Wijnkoop, M., Smith, A. J., Retz, W., Liebrenz, M., & Buadze, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106187/v1
Risk factors for alcohol dependence-a review
Cămănaru, E. M., Moroșan, A. C., Popescu, E.-R., et al. (2024) · Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry · doi:10.36219/bpi.2024.2.12
Does age of ADHD medication initiation predict long-term risk of anxiety? A scoping review
Fletcher, M., Ledbetter, L., Alonso, P., Ansah, O. O., Short, O., & Reuter‐Rice, K. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000230
Gill, C. S., Dailey, S. F., Karl, S. L., & Minton, C. A. B. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394346684.part3a
Müller, S., Strauß, M., & Steinberg, H. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251319077
“ADHD patients show an increased prevalence of addictive disorders (Groenman et al., 2017), violate laws more frequently (Mannuzza et al., 2008), and are more likely to have a low socioeconomic status and a low level of education as a result of unstable teaching and employment (Chen et al., 2024).”
Sanjana, K., Bhagyavathi, H. D., Harsha, G. T., & Kumar, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry Spectrum · doi:10.4103/jopsys.jopsys_40_24
Kuwabara, Y., Imamoto, A., Hori, N., Kim, H., Kinjo, A., & Osaki, Y. (2025) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.70063 · Cited by 1
Katz, S. M., Arellano Huacuja, A., Rother, Y., Levine, S., Claussen, A. H., Danielson, M. L., & Flory, K. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251339275
“…ADHD and health risk factors, such as factors that contribute to unintentional injuries (Ruiz-Goikoetxea et al., 2018); screen time, sleep, dietary behaviors, and physical activity (Holton & Nigg, 2020); substance use (Groenman et al., 2017); and interpersonal violence factors (Ahmed et al., 2022).”
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118941430.refs
Metadata
- Authors
- Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Groenman, Annabeth P.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 556-569
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2612899553
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a8ee19d263aef3e474cdacacaa9d7b81826402f
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Accare
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- child psychopathology, substance use disorders, substance abuse risk, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, alcoholism, nicotine dependence, drug use disorders, comorbidities, addiction risk factors, psychosocial interventions, prevention programs, addiction treatment programs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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