Update on Myocarditis
Open accessAbstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart frequently resulting from viral infections and/or post-viral immune-mediated responses. It is one of the important causes of dilated cardiomyopathy worldwide. The diagnosis is presumed on clinical presentation and noninvasive diagnostic methods such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard for in vivo diagnosis of myocarditis. The therapeutic and prognostic benefits of endomyocardial biopsy results have recently been demonstrated in several clinical trials. Although remarkable advances in diagnosis, understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment of acute myocarditis were gained during the last years, no standard treatment strategies could be defined as yet, apart from standard heart failure therapy and physical rest. In severe cases, mechanical support or heart transplantation may become necessary. There is some evidence that immunosuppressive and immunomodulating therapy are effective for chronic, virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Further investigations by controlled, randomized studies are needed to definitively determine their role in the treatment of myocarditis.
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Myocarditis can lead to cardiac dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy.
“Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the myocardium, potentially leading to cardiac dysfunction and DCM.”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Kindermann, I., Barth, C., Mahfoud, F., Ukena, C., Lenski, M., Yilmaz, A., Klingel, K., Kandolf, R., Sechtem, U., Cooper, L. T., & Böhm, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes (DE)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Robert Bosch Hospital (DE)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kindermann, Ingrid
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 779-792
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165568633
- Semantic Scholar
- 9864b8fe3d06d8ea9e4afb9ccd6d981678821eb7
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 196, SFB-TR 19)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
- Keywords
- myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, viral myocarditis, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, endomyocardial biopsy, immunosuppressive therapy, immunomodulatory therapy, heart failure treatment, mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Biopsy, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Diagnosis, Differential, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography, Humans, Myocarditis, Myocardium, Prognosis, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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