A multifactorial developmental model for the etiology of Major Depression in a population-based sample
Abstract
Background Kendler et al. proposed gender specific developmental models for Major Depression (MD) using a population-based sample of north-American adult twins. The aim of this study was to test whether any of the models could predict both MD and other depressive disorders among unrelated Swedes of both sexes. To test depression specific prediction the sample was overrepresented for other psychiatric diagnoses. Methods Persons with and without psychiatric symptoms were randomly selected from a population-based questionnaire study and interviewed by psychiatrists. Diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV. The study included 81 persons with MD, 132 persons with other depressive disorders, 136 persons with other psychiatric diagnoses and 744 persons without diagnosis. Path and correlation analyses were performed using 16 risk factors. Results The path analysis revealed similar prediction values of MD for the female and male models, i.e. two-thirds of the variance in liability to MD and depression in general when controls consisted of persons without psychiatric diagnosis. Prediction of depression was only slightly weakened when distinguishing cases from those with other psychiatric diagnoses. The risk factors with the strongest unique influence on depression were from early adolescence: neuroticism, low self-esteem, anxiety; from late adolescence: trauma; and history of depression. Limitations Possibly some limited recall bias. Conclusions The model was successfully replicated in…
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SLEs that occur during childhood, adolescence and adulthood are all associated with an increased risk of depression.
“SLEs that occur during childhood, adolescence and adulthood are all associated with an increased risk of depression (Sjöholm, Lavebratt, & Forsell, 2009; Tennant, 2002).”
From Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study (2023) · cites this paper as Sjöholm, Lavebratt, & Forsell, 2009
Increased rates of major depression follow dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes.
“Increased rates of MD follow dSLEs7–9 and PDEs.10–12”
From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
Previous analyses in this and other samples found that, in the presence of many covariates, PDEs modestly predict risk for future depressive episodes.
“This interpretation is consistent with previous analyses in this11,12 and other10 samples in which, in the presence of many covariates, PDEs modestly predict risk for future depressive episodes.”
From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Sjöholm, L., Lavebratt, C., & Forsell, Y.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sjöholm, Louise
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 66-76
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105406301
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, etiology of depression, developmental model, gender differences, risk factors, neuroticism, self-esteem, anxiety, trauma, history of depression, adolescence, depressive disorders, population-based sample, Swedes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Switzerland, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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