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Cited by 411Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in men

Kendler, Kenneth S., Gardner, Charles O., Prescott, Carol A.·2006·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.115
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The multiple risk factors for major depression are interrelated through poorly understood developmental pathways. In 2002, the authors presented a developmental model for major depression in women. Based on similar methods, they here present an analogous model for men. METHOD: Using data from 2,935 adult male twins, interviewed twice over a 2–4-year period, the authors constructed, by means of structural equation modeling, an integrated etiologic model for major depression that predicts depressive episodes over 1 year from 18 risk factors conceptualized as five developmental “tiers” reflecting childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, and the last year. RESULTS: The best-fitting model, including six correlations and 76 paths, provided a good fit to the data, explaining 49% of the variance in the liability to depressive episodes. The overall results, similar to those seen in women, suggest that the development of major depression results from the action and interaction of three broad pathways of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity. Childhood parental loss and low self-esteem were more potent variables in the model in men than in women. Genetic risks for major depression had a broader spectrum of action in men than in women. The pathway to major depression through externalizing symptoms was not more prominent in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: Major depression in men, as in women, is an etiologically complex disorder influenced by risk factors from multiple domains that act in developmental time. The similarities in etiologic pathways to major depression for men and women outweigh the modest differences.

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Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.115

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17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Increased rates of major depression follow dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes.

    “Increased rates of MD follow dSLEs7–9 and PDEs.10–12”

    From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [12]

  • Because numerous risk factors for major depression, including genes and childhood adversities, have long-lasting effects, the tendency for major depression to recur could arise without one depressive episode having a causal effect on the next.

    “Because numerous risk factors for MD—including genes and childhood adversities—have long-lasting effects,11,12,22,23 the tendency for MD to recur could arise without one depressive episode having a causal effect on the next.”

    From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [12]

  • The association of dSLEs with MD is typically stronger than that observed for independent SLEs.

    “We specifically studied dSLEs because their causal relationship with psychiatric illness is inherently unclear and their association with MD is typically stronger than that observed for independent SLEs.11,12”

    From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [12]

  • Previous analyses in this and other samples found that, in the presence of many covariates, PDEs modestly predict risk for future depressive episodes.

    “This interpretation is consistent with previous analyses in this11,12 and other10 samples in which, in the presence of many covariates, PDEs modestly predict risk for future depressive episodes.”

    From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [12]

  • Stress exposure is considered to be the main environmental cause associated with the development of depression.

    “Stress exposure is considered to be the main environmental cause associated with the development of depression.”

    From P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Stress and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [1]

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Authors
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A.
Affiliations
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2006-01-01
Volume
163
Issue
1
Pages
115-124
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.115
OpenAlex
W4230784232
Cited by
411
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 29
FWCI
19.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-09095, MH/AA/DA-49492, AA-00236)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH 40828)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA11287)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
major depressive disorder, men, developmental model, etiology, risk factors, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, childhood adversity, parental loss, low self-esteem, genetic risk, gender differences, depressive episodes

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