The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30
Open accessAbstract
Background Anxiety disorders are associated with adverse psychosocial functioning, and are predictive of a wide range of psychiatric disorders in adulthood.Objective The present study examined the associations between anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence and psychosocial outcomes at age 30, and sought to address the extent to which psychopathology after age 19 mediated these relations.Method Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and young adulthood.Results Adolescent anxiety predicted poor total adjustment, poor adjustment at work, poor family relationships, problems with the family unit, less life satisfaction, poor coping skills, and more chronic stress. Adolescent anxiety predicted, substance (SUD), alcohol abuse/dependence (AUD), and anxiety in adulthood. No adult psychopathology mediated the relationship between childhood anxiety disorders and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. Adult, SUD, AUD and anxiety mediated the association between adolescent anxiety and most domains of psychosocial functioning at age 30.Limitations The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous, and changes in the diagnostic criteria and the interview schedules across the assessment periods.Conclusion Adolescent anxiety, compared to childhood anxiety, is associated with more adverse psychosocial outcomes at age 30. Adolescent anxiety affects negative outcomes at age 30 directly and through adult anxiety, SUD and AUD.
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“Untreated anxiety disorders in adolescence are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in terms of, for example, income and unemployment, maladjustment, chronic stress and poor coping skills, and other forms of psychopathology, including depression in adulthood (Essau et al., 2014).”
From Effectiveness of and processes related to internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as Essau et al., 2014
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“Adolescent ADs have also been linked to significant short and long-term impairments across a broad spectrum of life domains [13–16].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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“often persist into adulthood with significant effects on functioning and quality of life [24]”
From Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“The long-term impact of anxiety and depression on children and adolescents includes significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning, making early intervention vital [3-8].”
From eMental Healthcare Technologies for Anxiety and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Studies Reporting Implementation Outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
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Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Statistical Analysis—Analyses were restricted to participants with complete information at T4 (n = 816); Mediation analysis was comprised of a series of regression analyses (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”
MethodLongitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models
LIANG, K.-Y., & ZEGER, S. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.13 · Cited by 18,550 · cited 1×
“To test the criteria for mediation, generalized estimating equations (GEE; Liang and Zeger, 1986; Zeger and Liang, 1986) were used to explore the relationship between predictor variables, mediators and outcomes.”
MethodKessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 1×
“Most anxiety disorders have an early onset, generally in childhood or early adolescence (Kessler et al., 1994; Mathew et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRUBIN, D. B. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · Cited by 9,925
Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,781
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“Recent epidemiological studies estimated that the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescents ranges between 10% and 31.9% (Merikangas et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntroduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618
Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,409
Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00898416 · Cited by 2,247 · cited 2×
“(b) Quality of the relationship with family members and friends (α=.90; 20 items; Procidano and Heller, 1983); and social adjustment over the past 2 weeks, as assessed by mean item score on the 54-item Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and its subscales (adjustment at work, social/leisure activities,…”
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Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub4 · Cited by 876
The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Lijster, J. M. D., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M. W. J., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716640757 · Cited by 426
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Reardon, T., Soler, A., James, G., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013162.pub2 · Cited by 344
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis.
Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.004 · Cited by 335
Metadata
- Authors
- Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Olaya, B., & Seeley, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Roehampton (GB)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Essau, Cecilia A.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 163
- Pages
- 125-132
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4028371
- OpenAlex
- W2166294338
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 13.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH040501, R01MH050522)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- adolescent anxiety, childhood anxiety disorders, psychosocial functioning, life satisfaction, family relationships, work adjustment, coping strategies, chronic stress, substance use disorders, alcoholism, adult anxiety, mediation, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Social Adjustment, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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