Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30

“Statistical Analysis—Analyses were restricted to participants with complete information at T4 (n = 816); Mediation analysis was comprised of a series of regression analyses (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”

“To test the criteria for mediation, generalized estimating equations (GEE; Liang and Zeger, 1986; Zeger and Liang, 1986) were used to explore the relationship between predictor variables, mediators and outcomes.”

“Most anxiety disorders have an early onset, generally in childhood or early adolescence (Kessler et al., 1994; Mathew et al., 2011).”

“Recent epidemiological studies estimated that the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescents ranges between 10% and 31.9% (Merikangas et al., 2010).”

“(b) Quality of the relationship with family members and friends (α=.90; 20 items; Procidano and Heller, 1983); and social adjustment over the past 2 weeks, as assessed by mean item score on the 54-item Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and its subscales (adjustment at work, social/leisure activities,…”

“(d) Other measures included: life satisfaction (α=.89; 15 items chosen from Andrews and Withey, 1976; Campbell et al., 1976; higher scores indicate lower satisfaction); coping skills (α=.77; 17 items; Rohde et al., 1990); and stressful life events (α=.71; 33 items; Holmes and Rahe, 1967).”

“Because the mediators and some outcomes were binary, standardized coefficients were used in the tests (MacKinnon & Dwyer, 1993).”

“…over the past 2 weeks, as assessed by mean item score on the 54-item Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and its subscales (adjustment at work, social/leisure activities, family, marital role, parental role, and family unit) (α=.70; Weissman and Bothwell, 1976; higher scores indicate poorer adjustment).”

“P A A uthor M anuscript 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Lewinsohn et al., 1998; Pine et al., 1998; Reinherz et al., 1993).”

“, social anxiety) tend to have an onset in adolescence (Beesdo et al., 2009).”

“Follow-up assessments at T2 and T3 were jointly administered with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE; Keller et al., 1987).”

“Third, there have been some concerns about the accuracy of retrospective symptom recall (Wells and Horwood, 2004), however, high interrater reliabilities for individual symptoms, found in the OADP data, seem to diminish this concern.”

“As argued by Cyranowski et al. (2000), the need for interpersonal affiliation at puberty is greater in girls than in boys.”

“Speculatively, respondents who experienced their first anxiety disorders during adolescence, compared to during childhood, were more adversely affected by their anxiety because of the additional biological changes at puberty (Hyde et al., 2008).”

“Introduction Anxiety disorders are among the most common disorders affecting adolescents (Costello et al., 2005).”

“P A A uthor M anuscript 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Lewinsohn et al., 1998; Pine et al., 1998; Reinherz et al., 1993).”

“…were explored included highest education level completed, recent unemployment, annual household income, poor physical health, and family and friends support – as these are the most common outcomes being identified in similar longitudinal studies (Mathew et al., 2011; Woodward and Fergusson, 2001).”

“, 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al., 2005).”

“In addition to being prevalent, anxiety disorders co-occur highly among themselves and with numerous other psychiatric disorders (Essau, 2003; Essau et al., 2000; Feehan et al., 1993; Lewinsohn et al., 1997; Wittchen et al., 1998).”

“If these affiliation needs are not met, girls tend to be at an increased risk for anxiety (Hankin et al., 2007).”

“Studies have also identified significant overlap in the risk factors for anxiety and MDD such as being female and stressful life events (Essau et al., 2000; Lewinsohn et al., 1995).”

“P A A uthor M anuscript (KSADS; Orvaschel et al., 1982).”

“P A A uthor M anuscript 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Lewinsohn et al., 1998; Pine et al., 1998; Reinherz et al., 1993).”

“At each assessment, a battery of psychosocial measures was administered to the participants (e.g., Lewinsohn et al., 1994, 2003).”

“It is possible that having other disorders or recurrent anxiety disorder accounts for psychosocial impairments in adulthood (Keller et al., 1992).”

“In addition to being prevalent, anxiety disorders co-occur highly among themselves and with numerous other psychiatric disorders (Essau, 2003; Essau et al., 2000; Feehan et al., 1993; Lewinsohn et al., 1997; Wittchen et al., 1998).”

“According to some authors, girls tend to be more susceptible to developing anxiety because of genetic predispositions (Silberg et al., 2001).”

“P A A uthor M anuscript 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Lewinsohn et al., 1998; Pine et al., 1998; Reinherz et al., 1993).”

“In some studies, SAD was reported to increase the risk of other disorders (e.g., panic disorder, MDD) (Bittner et al., 2004; Bruckl et al., 2007: Lewinsohn et al., 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”

“Adolescents with anxiety and comorbid disorders tend to have more severe symptoms of their disorders (Essau, 2005), higher mental health utilization (Essau, 2005; Lewinsohn et al., 1995), and higher rates of suicidal behavior (Rohde et al., 2001).”

“According to several follow-up studies, anxiety disorders that begin early in life can become chronic (Feehan et al., 1993; Ferdinand and Verhulst, 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al., 2005).”

“(d) Other measures included: life satisfaction (α=.89; 15 items chosen from Andrews and Withey, 1976; Campbell et al., 1976; higher scores indicate lower satisfaction); coping skills (α=.77; 17 items; Rohde et al., 1990); and stressful life events (α=.71; 33 items; Holmes and Rahe, 1967).”

“Adolescents with anxiety and comorbid disorders tend to have more severe symptoms of their disorders (Essau, 2005), higher mental health utilization (Essau, 2005; Lewinsohn et al., 1995), and higher rates of suicidal behavior (Rohde et al., 2001).”

“It could be that, regardless of gender, it is the avoidance behaviour which is the core characteristics of anxiety disorders that cause a wide range of psychosocial impairments (e.g., reduced academic performance and social relationship (Brown et al., 1987; Bifulco et al., 1998).”

“Third, there have been some concerns about the accuracy of retrospective symptom recall (Wells and Horwood, 2004), however, high interrater reliabilities for individual symptoms, found in the OADP data, seem to diminish this concern.”

“In line with previous studies, child and adolescent anxiety disorders were significantly more common among girls than boys (Essau et al., 2000; Hale et al., 2008; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998; Merikangas et al., 2010; Reinherz et al., 1989).”

“At each assessment, a battery of psychosocial measures was administered to the participants (e.g., Lewinsohn et al., 1994, 2003).”

“In some studies, SAD was reported to increase the risk of other disorders (e.g., panic disorder, MDD) (Bittner et al., 2004; Bruckl et al., 2007: Lewinsohn et al., 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”

“Additionally, Mathew et al. (2011) found that poor interpersonal functioning in adolescents conferred risk for both anxiety and depression; these factors included loneliness, emotional reliance, and impaired relations with family and peers.”

“In line with previous studies, child and adolescent anxiety disorders were significantly more common among girls than boys (Essau et al., 2000; Hale et al., 2008; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998; Merikangas et al., 2010; Reinherz et al., 1989).”

“According to several follow-up studies, anxiety disorders that begin early in life can become chronic (Feehan et al., 1993; Ferdinand and Verhulst, 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al.”

“Recent studies have documented similarity in psychosocial impairments experienced by adolescents with anxiety, MDD, and SUD (Angold et al. 1999; Essau, 2003, 2008; Karlsson et al., 2006; Nottelmann and Jensen, 1999).”

“, 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”

“The most common comorbid pattern was that of anxiety and depressive disorders (Essau et al., 2000; Lewinsohn et al., 1997), with comorbidity rates ranging from 50 to 72%.”

“, 1993), a longitudinal study of a large cohort of high school students who were randomly selected from nine high schools in western Oregon as previously described (Rohde et al., 2007) (Figure 1).”

“In some studies, SAD was reported to increase the risk of other disorders (e.g., panic disorder, MDD) (Bittner et al., 2004; Bruckl et al., 2007: Lewinsohn et al., 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”

“According to several follow-up studies, anxiety disorders that begin early in life can become chronic (Feehan et al., 1993; Ferdinand and Verhulst, 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al.”

“Recent studies have documented similarity in psychosocial impairments experienced by adolescents with anxiety, MDD, and SUD (Angold et al. 1999; Essau, 2003, 2008; Karlsson et al., 2006; Nottelmann and Jensen, 1999).”