Cited by 115Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesResilience and Mental HealthPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

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More adaptive versus less maladaptive coping: What is more predictive of symptom severity? Development of a new scale to investigate coping profiles across different psychopathological syndromes

Moritz, Steffen, Jahns, Anna Katharina, Schröder, Johanna, Berger, Thomas, Lincoln, Tania M., Klein, Jan Philipp, Göritz, Anja S.·2016·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.027

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Abstract

Background Lack of adaptive and enhanced maladaptive coping with stress and negative emotions are implicated in many psychopathological disorders. We describe the development of a new scale to investigate the relative contribution of different coping styles to psychopathology in a large population sample. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the supposed positive correlation between maladaptive coping and psychopathology would be stronger than the supposed negative correlation between adaptive coping and psychopathology. We also examined whether distinct coping style patterns emerge for different psychopathological syndromes.Methods A total of 2200 individuals from the general population participated in an online survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory revised (OCI-R) and the Paranoia Checklist were administered along with a novel instrument called Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Styles (MAX) questionnaire. Participants were reassessed six months later.Results MAX consists of three dimensions representing adaptive coping, maladaptive coping and avoidance. Across all psychopathological syndromes, similar response patterns emerged. Maladaptive coping was more strongly related to psychopathology than adaptive coping both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The overall number of coping styles adopted by an individual predicted greater psychopathology. Mediation analysis suggests that a mild positive relationship between adaptive and certain maladaptive styles (emotional suppression) partially accounts for the attenuated relationship between adaptive coping and depressive symptoms.Limitations Results should be replicated in a clinical population.Conclusions Results suggest that maladaptive and adaptive coping styles are not reciprocal. Reducing maladaptive coping seems to be more important for outcome than enhancing adaptive coping. The study supports transdiagnostic approaches advocating that maladaptive coping is a common factor across different psychopathologies.

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“Given the used instructions and item wordings, these questionnaires assess ER regardless of whether the elicited emotions are due to psychopathology or completely unrelated to experienced symptoms (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross & John, 2003; Moritz et al., 2016).”
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The development of compulsive coping behaviors depends on the engagement of dorsolateral striatum dopamine-dependent mechanismsPreprint
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“However, some humans (23-30) and individuals of other species (31) characterized, for instance by a high impulsivity trait (32), lose control over these coping strategies which become excessive and promote the development of compulsive disorders such as obsessive compulsive and substance use disorders.”
Background
Perceived Social Support, Aggression, Age, and Repeat Offending as Predictors of Coping Amongst Male Maximum-Security Offenders
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Cognitive Reactivity in Depressed Outpatients: How Different is Severe Depression?
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“Gender imbalance in NSSI research is an unfortunately common limitation which brings concern, as there are reported gender differences in NSSI behaviours, as well as in ER and coping (Bresin and Schoenleber 2015; Cipriano et al. 2017; Moritz et al. 2016; Zimmermann and Iwanski 2014).”
Posttraumatic Growth Following Suicide Bereavement: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“…this dichotomy of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies to be related positively and negatively, respectively, to post-trauma outcomes (Kirby et al., 2011), as well as the weak-ening of and improved resilience against depression symptomatology (Moritz et al., 2016; Thompson et al., 2010).”
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“Moreover, the lack of a negative correlation between mal - adaptive and adaptive coping supports the view that these mechanisms are not opposing poles of a single continuum (Moritz et al., 2016).”
Influential
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“Adaptive coping was measured with four items adapted from Moritz et al. (2016), rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much).”
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“Rather, they are inclined to employ disengagement coping as a strategy to evade the distress linked with academic adversity (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; Moritz et al., 2016).”
Background
Validation of the schema coping inventory for dysfunctional coping strategies
Gazzellini, S., Pellegrini, V., Napoli, E., Ventre, V., Lettori, D., Castelli, E., Basile, B., & Giacomantonio, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1441794 · Cited by 1
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“In addition, a large body of literature has consistently found that maladaptive coping is a stronger predictor of mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder [61, 62].”
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Better treatment response in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with more use of a planning-focused coping style
Kirkham, E., Cao, Y.-T., & Król, M. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.17056.1 · Cited by 1
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Comorbid Psychiatric Illnesses
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“, inhibition strategies) may be beneficial in the short term, but harmful in the long term, while adaptive coping strategies appear to be beneficial in both the short and long term (Moritz et al., 2016).”
Background
The individual vulnerability to develop compulsive adjunctive behavior is associated with the recruitment of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) within the Locus CoeruleusPreprint
Velázquez-Sánchez, C., Mureşan, L., & Belin, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507749
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Development of a self-administered metacognitive coping strategies scale for metacognitive training: an exploratory study examining the relationship between coping awareness and psychopathology
Ishigaki, T., Nishiguchi, Y., & Shimada, T. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07691-5
“…have already been developed, including the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS; Pedone et al., 2017), the Versailles Metacognitive Strategies Evaluation Questionnaire (V-MSEQ; Brunet-Gouet et al., 2020), and the Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Style Questionnaire (MAX; Moritz et al., 2016).”

Authors: Moritz, S., Jahns, A. K., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Lincoln, T. M., Klein, J. P., & Göritz, A. S.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
University of Bern (CH)
Universität Hamburg (DE)
University of Lübeck (DE)
University of Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Moritz, Steffen
ORCID: Moritz, Steffen
Schröder, Johanna
Berger, Thomas
Lincoln, Tania M.
Klein, Jan Philipp
Göritz, Anja S.
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-02
Volume: 191
Pages: 300-307
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.027
OpenAlex: W2178396700
Cited by: 115
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 7.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: adaptive coping, maladaptive coping, coping styles, psychopathology, symptom severity, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, paranoia, avoidance, emotional suppression, transdiagnostic factors, scale development
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychopathology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Syndrome, Symptom Assessment

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More adaptive versus less maladaptive coping: What is more predictive of symptom severity? Development of a new scale to investigate coping profiles across different psychopathological syndromes

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