CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 30Schizophrenia research and treatmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health and Psychiatry

Do depressive symptoms predict paranoia or vice versa?

Moritz, Steffen, Göritz, Anja S., McLean, Benjamin, Westermann, Stefan, Brodbeck, Jeannette·2017·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.002
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background and objectives Affective versus nonaffective psychoses are today no longer regarded as mutually exclusive disorders. Theorists have recently highlighted the role of affective symptoms in the formation of paranoid beliefs, particularly negative beliefs about the self, interpersonal sensitivity, sleep disturbances, and worrying, which exist along a continuum in the general population. For the present study, we tested the bidirectional causal relationships between paranoia and affect.Method A large population sample (N = 2,357) was examined at three time-points (baseline, six months, two years) as to the severity of subclinical paranoid beliefs (Paranoia Checklist, PCL) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). Worrying and avoidance were measured with items from the Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Style Questionnaire (MAX).Results Depression and paranoid symptoms were strongly cross-sectionally related (r = 0.69) and showed high stability (r > 0.72). Depressive symptoms at T2 predicted paranoid symptoms at T3 (beta = 0.16; no significant relationship from T1 to T2), whereas paranoid symptoms predicted depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (beta = 0.09; no significant relationship from T2 to T3).Limitations Results should be replicated in a sample of paranoid patients, as risk factors for subclinical versus manifest paranoia may differ. Some constructs were measured with single items derived from a new scale.Conclusions The predictive association of depression to subsequent paranoia was small and confined to the long interval from T2 to T3. Treatments should target both paranoia and depression - irrespective of their causal relationship - particularly as patients with psychosis consider treatment of their emotional problems a priority.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.002

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Depression and anxiety are strongly associated with positive symptoms, negative symptoms, psychotic relapses and impaired social function, and are among the best symptom predictors of quality of life outcomes in people with SSDs.

    “Depression and anxiety are strongly associated with positive symptoms,2,3,5–7,9 negative symptoms,2,8 psychotic relapses3,9 and impaired social function,3,5,9 and are among the best symptom predictors of quality of life outcomes in people with SSDs.2–9”

    From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [7]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Moritz, S., Göritz, A. S., McLean, B., Westermann, S., & Brodbeck, J.
Affiliations
  • University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
  • University of Freiburg (DE)
  • Flinders University (AU)
  • University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author
Moritz, Steffen
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-09
Volume
56
Pages
113-121
ISSN
0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.002
OpenAlex
W2536447293
Cited by
30
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5
FWCI
2.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
  • OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords
paranoia, depressive symptoms, bidirectional causality, affective psychosis, worry, avoidance, coping styles, longitudinal prediction, PHQ-9
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Paranoid Disorders, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review