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More adaptive versus less maladaptive coping: What is more predictive of symptom severity? Development of a new scale to investigate coping profiles across different psychopathological syndromes
Abstract
Background Lack of adaptive and enhanced maladaptive coping with stress and negative emotions are implicated in many psychopathological disorders. We describe the development of a new scale to investigate the relative contribution of different coping styles to psychopathology in a large population sample. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the supposed positive correlation between maladaptive coping and psychopathology would be stronger than the supposed negative correlation between adaptive coping and psychopathology. We also examined whether distinct coping style patterns emerge for different psychopathological syndromes.Methods A total of 2200 individuals from the general population participated in an online survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory revised (OCI-R) and the Paranoia Checklist were administered along with a novel instrument called Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Styles (MAX) questionnaire. Participants were reassessed six months later.Results MAX consists of three dimensions representing adaptive coping, maladaptive coping and avoidance. Across all psychopathological syndromes, similar response patterns emerged. Maladaptive coping was more strongly related to psychopathology than adaptive coping both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The overall number of coping styles adopted by an individual predicted greater psychopathology. Mediation analysis suggests that a mild positive relationship between adaptive and certain maladaptive styles (emotional suppression) partially accounts for the attenuated relationship between adaptive coping and depressive symptoms.Limitations Results should be replicated in a clinical population.Conclusions Results suggest that maladaptive and adaptive coping styles are not reciprocal. Reducing maladaptive coping seems to be more important for outcome than enhancing adaptive coping. The study supports transdiagnostic approaches advocating that maladaptive coping is a common factor across different psychopathologies.
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“The findings corroborate previous studies showing that maladaptive coping strategies had stronger associations with mental illness relative to adaptive coping [42].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Paradoxically, the attempt to suppress negative emotions promotes their emergence.6”
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“These results support the findings of Moritz et al. (2016) who reported a relationship between maladaptive coping behaviors and psychopathology.”
ResultSong, H., Chan, J. S., & Ryan, C. (2024) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221241285006 · Cited by 62
“Avoidance was evaluated in three studies, with the modified version of the WCQ ( k = 1, Folkman et al., 2000), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II, k = 1, Bond et al., 2011), and the Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Style Questionnaire (MAX, k = 1, Moritz et al., 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Moritz, S., Jahns, A. K., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Lincoln, T. M., Klein, J. P., & Göritz, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Moritz, Steffen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 191
- Pages
- 300-307
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2178396700
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- adaptive coping, maladaptive coping, coping styles, psychopathology, symptom severity, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, paranoia, avoidance, emotional suppression, transdiagnostic factors, scale development
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychopathology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Syndrome, Symptom Assessment
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