Cited by 631COVID-19 and Mental HealthLong-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

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Impact of coronavirus syndromes on physical and mental health of health care workers: Systematic review and meta-analysis

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Salazar de Pablo, Gonzalo, Vaquerizo-Serrano, Julio, Catalan, Ana, Arango, Celso, Moreno, Carmen, Ferre, Francisco, Shin, Jae Il, Sullivan, Sarah, Brondino, Natascia, Solmi, Marco, Fusar-Poli, Paolo·2020·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.022PMC PMC7314697

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Abstract

Background Health care workers (HCW) are at high risk of developing physical/mental health outcomes related to coronavirus syndromes. Nature and frequency of these outcomes are undetermined.Methods PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant (PROSPERO-CRD42020180205) systematic review of Web of Science/grey literature until 15th April 2020, to identify studies reporting physical/mental health outcomes in HCW infected/exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -SARS-, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -MERS-, Novel coronavirus -COVID-19-. Proportion random effect meta-analyses, I 2 statistic, quality assessment and sensitivity analysis.Results 115 articles were included (n=60,458 HCW, age 36.1±7.1, 77.1% female). Physical health outcomes: 75.9% HCW infected by SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported fever (95%CI=65.9-83.7%, k=12, n=949), 47.9% cough (95%CI=39.2-56.8%, k=14, n=970), 43.6% myalgias (95%CI=31.9-56.0%, k=13, n=898), 42.3% chills (95%CI=20.2-67.9%, k=7, n=716), 41.2% fatigue (95%CI=18.2-68.8%, k=6, n=386), 34.6% headaches (95%CI=23.1-48.2%, k=11, n=893), 31.2% dyspnoea (95%CI=23.2-40.5%, k=12, n=1003), 25.3% sore throat (95%CI=18.8-33.2%, k=8, n=747), 22.2% nausea/vomiting (95%CI=14.9-31.8%, k=6, n=662), 18.8% diarrhoea (95%CI=11.9-28.4%, k=9, n=824). Mental health outcomes: 62.5% HCW exposed to SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported general health concerns (95%CI=57.0-67,8%, k=2, n=2254), 43.7% fear (95%CI=33.9-54.0%, k=4, n=584), 37.9% insomnia (95%CI=30.9-45.5%, k=6, n=5067), 37.8% psychological distress (95%CI=28.4-48.2%, k=15, n=24,346), 34.4% burnout (95%CI=19.3-53.5%, k=3, n=1337), 29.0% anxiety features (95%CI=14.2-50.3%, k=6, n=9191), 26.3% depressive symptoms (95%CI=12.5-47.1%, k=8, n=9893), 20.7% post-traumatic stress disorder features (95%CI=13.2-31%, k=11, n=3826), 16.1% somatisation (95%CI=0.2-96.0%, k=2, n=2184), 14.0% stigmatisation feelings (95%CI=6.4-28.1%, k=2, n=411).Limitations Limited amount of evidence for some outcomes and suboptimal design in several studies included.Conclusions SARS/MERS/COVID-19 have a substantial impact on the physical and mental health of HCW, which should become a priority for public health strategies.

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Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition among healthcare workers: self-reported online survey in four African countriesPreprint
Elnadi, H., Al-Mustapha, A. I., Odetokun, I. A., Anjorin, A. A., Mosbah, R., Fasina, F. O., Razouqi, Y., Awiagah, S. K., Nyandwi, J. B., Mhgoob, Z. E., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.23291768
Mental health and older adults: A narrative synthesis of the literaturePreprint
VILLAFUERTE, S. (2023) · doi:10.31124/advance.23614626
Internet de las Cosas como apoyo para reducir los errores hospitalarios relacionados con la administración de medicamentos
Cocian, L. F. E., Morales, A. S., & Schneider, I. J. C. (2023) · Seven Editora eBooks · doi:10.56238/homeebookorg03-006
Potensi Keuntungan Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction terhadap Kecemasan saat Pandemi Covid-19 pada Orang Dewasa
Wijaya, D. A., Ernawati, E., Firmansyah, Y., Nathaniel, F., & Budiman, R. A. (2023) · Malahayati Nursing Journal · doi:10.33024/mnj.v5i8.10957
The prevalence and associated factors of job burnout among medical workers at COVID-19 vaccination sites: A cross-sectional studyPreprint
Qian, Y., Wang, N., Gou, L., Yuan, L., Lu, L., Al-shdifat, M. S. F., Chen, X., Chen, J., & Liu, S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3353701/v1
The development of a behaviour-change intervention for health professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic
Barradell, A. C., Bourne, C., Gardiner, N., & Robertson, N. (2023) · Health Psychology Update · doi:10.53841/bpshpu.2023.32.1.38
The protective factor of depression and anxiety in the general population in the postcoronavirus era: coping, spiritual well-being & resilience
Alahri, M. B., Kianimoghadam, A. S., Khesali, M., Bakhtiari, M., & alavi, S. F. (2023) · Medical Science · doi:10.54905/disssi.v27i139.e351ms3220 · Cited by 1
The Therapist in a Pandemic Context: Self-Care in Times of Crisis
Cisternas, J. P. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38502-5_34
Projeto Echo na preservação e controle de infecções por COVID-19: Uma estratégia de resposta efetiva
da Silva, R. E. (2024) · Tempus Actas de Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.18569/tempus.v16i3.3137
Mental Health Status and Suicidality Among Bangladeshi Health Care Workers: A Year After the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Alam, M. D., Paul, S. K., & Momi, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3857345/v1
Long-term findings on working memory neural dynamics in healthcare workers after mild COVID-19
Ferrera, D., Galán, D., Peláez, I., Carpio, A., Martín-Buro, M. C., & Mercado, F. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.01.010
PERCEPÇÃO DE ENFERMEIROS ACERCA DOS PROCESSOS DE CUIDADO DURANTE A PANDEMIA DA COVID-19
Filgueiras, T. F., de Assis, A. E. P., Lima, R. M. B. D. S., Silva, B. G. D. A., Carício, M. R., Leal, A. S. L. G., & Sucupira, K. S. M. D. A. (2024) · Enfermagem em Foco · doi:10.21675/2357-707x.2024.v15.e-202416supl1
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psycho-emotional sphere of pediatric inpatient nurses
Drutsul-Melnyk, N. V., & Іванова, Л. А. (2024) · Україна Здоров’я нації · doi:10.32782/2077-6594/2024.1/01
Psychosocial Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Emiral, E., Bulut, Y., Emiral, G. Ö., Çevik, H. S., & Aksungur, A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36519/idcm.2023.282
Prevalence and associated factors of burnout among doctors working in hospitals with COVID-19 treatment units in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka during COVID-19 pandemic: a descriptive cross-sectional study
Rambukwella, G. U., Ediriweera, D. S., & Isuru, A. (2024) · Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4038/sljpsyc.v14i2.8493
“A meta-analysis of all three recent corona viruses out breaks (SARS, MERS and COVID-19) reported the prevalence of burnout was 34.4% among HCWs which is much lower compared to our study (23).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A longitudinal study examining PTSD and other mental health problems in NHS workers during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Celik, F., Davies-Thompson, J., Quigley, M., & Reppa, I. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4304035/v1
A Cross-Sectional Survey on the Relationship Between Spirituality and Posttraumatic Growth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation and Self-Compassion
Paeizi, Z., Akbari, M., Mohammadkhani, S., Faiz, S. H. R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00209-0
“…et al., 2021), acute stress disorder symptoms (Parker et al., 2021), post-traumatic stress disorder (Li et al., 2020), post-traumatic stress symptoms (Chen et al., 2020), suicidal ideation (Mamun et al., 2021) and psychological distress, burnout and somatization (Salazar de Pablo et al., 2020).”
DID THE BURNOUT LEVELS OF THE NURSES AFFECT THEIR PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS?
Tozak, F., & Altuntaş, S. (2024) · International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy · doi:10.33457/ijhsrp.1432179
Eficácia de um programa no aumento das estratégias de coping em bombeiros: ensaio clínico randomizado
Coimbra, M. A. R., Ikegami, É. M., Souza, L. A., Haas, V. J., Barbosa, M. H., & Ferreira, L. A. (2024) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6807.4180
Estresse e transtorno mental comum em profissionais de enfermagem afastados e não afastados do trabalho no serviço hospitalar durante a pandemia COVID-19
Silva, A. D. A. (2024) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2024.tde-08042024-142622
Distrés peritraumático, enfermedades previas e ingesta de medicamentos en médicos en actividad presencial durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Lima, Perú
Arévalo-Flores, M., Krüger-Malpartida, H., Anculle-Arauco, V., Dancuart-Mendoza, M., Mendoza-Saldaña, J.-D., Pérez-Quiñones, Y., Mayta, J. T., & Pedraz‐Petrozzi, B. (2024) · Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría · doi:10.20453/rnp.v87i2.5098
“…estudios en la actualidad que determinen la relación entre enfermedad médica y DP en PS médico, sobre todo porque existe en este grupo una probabilidad aumentada de secuelas psicológicas (32) y porque la presencia de enfermedades médicas previas puede condicionar la aparición de DP severo (18).”
Background
Stress, Depression, Anxiety and Willingness to Seek Help of Healthcare Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cong, L. M., Tuong, N. V., Ngoc, P. T. B., Bui, N. D., Lieu, C. X., & Zawiejska, J. (2024) · Journal of people, plants, and environment · doi:10.11628/ksppe.2024.27.3.207
Desarrollo de modelos de mejora de la eficiencia del sistema sanitario público. Aplicación al servicio de urgencias hospitalarias del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra
Bolt, A. I. (2024) · doi:10.48035/tesis/2454/50508
COVID-19 effects on caregivers in hospital operations from the literature arena
Thomas, A., & Suresh, M. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0218443
A comparison of the mental health impacts and resilience of healthcare workers in rural Manitoba during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ramsey, D., Lawrence, B. C., Herron, R., Waddell-Henowitch, C. M., Newall, N. E. G., Rauch, K., & Pellerin, S. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103410
A Pandemia e o jornalismo brasileiro
Martins, B. N., & de Oliveira-Costa, M. S. (2024) · Sur le journalisme About journalism Sobre jornalismo · doi:10.25200/slj.v13.n2.2024.549
Nivel de estrés laboral en médicos y enfermeras de la jurisdicción sanitaria no.14 durante la pandemia covid-19
Rendón, A. G., & Vélez-Díaz, G. (2025) · XIKUA Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Tlahuelilpan · doi:10.29057/xikua.v13i25.13802
Committed care in the shadow of fear: The experiences of emergency medical services staff encountering with COVID-19 patients
Amirkhani, M., Peyravi, M., Torabizadeh, C., Iman, M. T., & Kalyani, M. N. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1624_23
Does mild COVID-19 in healthcare workers affect functional capacity and work performance in short term?
Öke, D., GÜLEÇ, M. G., Yalçınkaya, E. Y., & Taşkıran, Ö. Ö. (2025) · Work · doi:10.1177/10519815241311189
The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Job Burnout Among Medical Workers at COVID‐19 Vaccination Sites: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Qian, Y., Qian, Y., Gou, L., Yuan, L., Lu, L., Al-shdifat, M. S. F., Chen, X., Chen, J., & Liu, S. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/1280959
“Job burnout among medical workers would lead to a negative impact on the physical and mental health of the individual, afect daily diagnosis and treatment, and even afect social stability [9–12].”
Symptoms of Psychological Stress and Sickness Absence Among Healthcare Workers During a Persistent Crisis
Appelbom, S., Finnes, A., Wicksell, R. K., & Bujacz, A. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13127
“…symptoms and SA indicates that the observed increase in psychological stress reactions among healthcare workers at the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (Luo et al. 2020; Pappa et al. 2020; Salari et al. 2020; Salazar de Pablo et al. 2020) may have contributed to higher SA (Edge et al. 2022).”
The prevalence and associated factors of burnout among nurses working at Base and District Hospitals in Kahawatta cluster area: A descriptive cross-sectional study
Wanniarachchi, N. U., & Wijerathna, A. (2025) · Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4038/sljpsyc.v16i1.8610
The relation between sociodemographic factors and fatigue among urological nurses
Jarosz, K., & Młynarska, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1642002
Ansiedad, abstinencia digital y búsqueda de recompensa: efectos del uso de pantallas electrónicas en niños de 4 a 10 años en Argentina
Pereyra, R. M. (2025) · Revista Multidisciplinar Epistemología de las Ciencias · doi:10.71112/g8g5f022
Bridging the connections between Big Five personality traits and mental well-being among medical staff: A network analysisPreprint
Zhao, R., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Cao, B., & Ren, L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767568/v1
Creating Community and Reducing Stress Through an Online Hip Hop Intervention in the COVID-19 Era
Travis, R., & Levy, I. (2025) · New directions in cultural policy research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99363-3_3

Authors: Salazar de Pablo, G., Vaquerizo-Serrano, J., Catalan, A., Arango, C., Moreno, C., Ferre, F., Shin, J. I., Sullivan, S., Brondino, N., Solmi, M., & Fusar-Poli, P.
Affiliations: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (ES)
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
Yonsei University (KR)
University of Bristol (GB)
University of Pavia (IT)
University of Padua (IT)
ORCID: Arango, Celso
Moreno, Carmen
Ferre, Francisco
Shin, Jae Il
Sullivan, Sarah
Brondino, Natascia
Solmi, Marco
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-10
Volume: 275
Pages: 48-57
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.022
PMC: PMC7314697
OpenAlex: W3037551969
Cited by: 631
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 224 · 2020: 37
FWCI: 10.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Seventh Framework Programme
Oficina Regional de Coordinación de Salud Mental, Comunidad de Madrid
Fundación Mutua Madrileña
H2020 Euratom
Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords: healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS, MERS, physical health outcomes, mental health outcomes, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, occupational exposure, fever, fatigue, psychological distress
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Anxiety, Burnout, Professional, Fatigue, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics

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