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Impact of coronavirus syndromes on physical and mental health of health care workers: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Health care workers (HCW) are at high risk of developing physical/mental health outcomes related to coronavirus syndromes. Nature and frequency of these outcomes are undetermined.Methods PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant (PROSPERO-CRD42020180205) systematic review of Web of Science/grey literature until 15th April 2020, to identify studies reporting physical/mental health outcomes in HCW infected/exposed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -SARS-, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -MERS-, Novel coronavirus -COVID-19-. Proportion random effect meta-analyses, I 2 statistic, quality assessment and sensitivity analysis.Results 115 articles were included (n=60,458 HCW, age 36.1±7.1, 77.1% female). Physical health outcomes: 75.9% HCW infected by SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported fever (95%CI=65.9-83.7%, k=12, n=949), 47.9% cough (95%CI=39.2-56.8%, k=14, n=970), 43.6% myalgias (95%CI=31.9-56.0%, k=13, n=898), 42.3% chills (95%CI=20.2-67.9%, k=7, n=716), 41.2% fatigue (95%CI=18.2-68.8%, k=6, n=386), 34.6% headaches (95%CI=23.1-48.2%, k=11, n=893), 31.2% dyspnoea (95%CI=23.2-40.5%, k=12, n=1003), 25.3% sore throat (95%CI=18.8-33.2%, k=8, n=747), 22.2% nausea/vomiting (95%CI=14.9-31.8%, k=6, n=662), 18.8% diarrhoea (95%CI=11.9-28.4%, k=9, n=824). Mental health outcomes: 62.5% HCW exposed to SARS/MERS/COVID-19 reported general health concerns (95%CI=57.0-67,8%, k=2, n=2254), 43.7% fear (95%CI=33.9-54.0%, k=4, n=584), 37.9% insomnia (95%CI=30.9-45.5%, k=6, n=5067), 37.8% psychological distress (95%CI=28.4-48.2%, k=15, n=24,346), 34.4% burnout (95%CI=19.3-53.5%, k=3, n=1337), 29.0% anxiety features (95%CI=14.2-50.3%, k=6, n=9191), 26.3% depressive symptoms (95%CI=12.5-47.1%, k=8, n=9893), 20.7% post-traumatic stress disorder features (95%CI=13.2-31%, k=11, n=3826), 16.1% somatisation (95%CI=0.2-96.0%, k=2, n=2184), 14.0% stigmatisation feelings (95%CI=6.4-28.1%, k=2, n=411).Limitations Limited amount of evidence for some outcomes and suboptimal design in several studies included.Conclusions SARS/MERS/COVID-19 have a substantial impact on the physical and mental health of HCW, which should become a priority for public health strategies.
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“The stressful situation of healthcare workers, specially the fear to infect relatives, may lead to depressive symptoms (12.2–26.3%), anxiety (13–29%), and PTSS (3–20.7%) as well.”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“During this pandemic, burnout was identified among HW and persistent burnout was found to be able to contribute to higher levels of anxiety, acute stress, and depersonalization symptoms [18,19,20].”
From Anxiety, depression and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in health workers: the relationship with burnout during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Salazar de Pablo, G., Vaquerizo-Serrano, J., Catalan, A., Arango, C., Moreno, C., Ferre, F., Shin, J. I., Sullivan, S., Brondino, N., Solmi, M., & Fusar-Poli, P.
- Affiliations
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (ES)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 275
- Pages
- 48-57
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7314697
- OpenAlex
- W3037551969
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 224 · 2020: 37
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Seventh Framework Programme
- Oficina Regional de Coordinación de Salud Mental, Comunidad de Madrid
- Fundación Mutua Madrileña
- H2020 Euratom
- Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS, MERS, physical health outcomes, mental health outcomes, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, occupational exposure, fever, fatigue, psychological distress
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Burnout, Professional, Fatigue, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics
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