Nurses’ burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Abstract
Abstract Aims To examine the nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design We followed the Cochrane criteria and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane COVID‐19 registry, CINAHL and pre‐print services (medRχiv and PsyArXiv) were searched from January 1 to November 15, 2020 and we removed duplicates. Review Methods We applied a random effect model to estimate pooled effects since the heterogeneity between results was very high. Results Sixteen studies, including 18,935 nurses met the inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 34.1%, of depersonalization was 12.6% and of lack of personal accomplishment was 15.2%. The main risk factors that increased nurses' burnout were the following: younger age, decreased social support, low family and colleagues readiness to cope with COVID‐19 outbreak, increased perceived threat of Covid‐19, longer working time in quarantine areas, working in a high‐risk environment, working in hospitals with inadequate and insufficient material and human resources, increased workload and lower level of specialized training regarding COVID‐19. Conclusion Nurses experience high levels of burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic, while several sociodemographic, social and occupational factors affect this burnout. Impact We found that burnout among nurses is a crucial issue during the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to prepare nurses to cope better with COVID‐19 pandemic. Identification of risk factors for burnout could be a significant weapon giving nurses and health care systems the ability to response in a better way against the following COVID‐19 waves in the near future.
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The burden of burnout appears to have peaked during the most demanding periods of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“This burden appears to have peaked during the most demanding periods of the COVID-19 pandemic”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Risk factors for burnout section (p. 11) links higher burnout to high-risk settings and increased workload, supporting an association with demanding conditions. The Discussion (p. 11) reports substantial burnout during the pandemic, but the paper does not establish that burnout peaked at particular times. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe seroprevalence of COVID-19 among UMS front liners (8.3%) was similar to a recent meta-analysis (8.7% in HCWs) but much lower than the 35.4% reported in the first wave in the US.
“It was similar to a recent meta-analysis (8.7% in HCWs) [43], but was much lower than the 35.4% reported in the first wave in the US [44].”
From Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Front Liners at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus during the Third Wave of COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
The Introduction (p. 4) reports 8.7% SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among healthcare workers, supporting the comparison’s figure. But this paper is a meta-analysis of nurses’ burnout; its References (p. 24) identify a separate seroprevalence meta-analysis as the source of that estimate. The 35.4% US figure has a different citation in the citing sentence and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBurnout in the healthcare field was already a long-standing issue before the COVID-19 pandemic.
“although burnout in the healthcare field was already a long-standing issue before the pandemic.6,7”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Jones, G. A. L., Colville, G. A., Ramnarayan, P., Woolfall, K., Heward, Y., Morrison, R., Savage, A., Fraser, J. I., Griksaitis, M. J., & Inwald, D. P. (2019) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-317439 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Prevalence of burnout among nurses in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
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The Loss of Social Connectedness as a Major Contributor to Physician Burnout
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Burnout among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional studyPreprint
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The Anxiety Status of Chinese Medical Workers During the Epidemic of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis
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Burnout in nephrology nurses in Israel.
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Blogging as an Innovative Method of Peer-to-Peer Educational Sharing
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Evaluation of a support group for Ebola hotline workers in Sierra Leone
Kahn, D. M., Bulanda, J. J., Weissberger, A., Jalloh, S., Villa, E. V., & Williams, A. R. F. (2016) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2016.1153121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Supporting Frontline Nurses During the Fight Against COVID-19
Liu, Q., Shen, D., Chen, S., & Liu, J. (2020) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390320946825 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Burnout in the Clinical Personnel of Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Cortina-Rodríguez, G., & Afanador, Y. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0451.v1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Yousefi, M., Heydari, K., Shahabi, S., & Azmand, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758849 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“One study summarized the prevalence of nurse burnout during pandemics (29).”
BackgroundExamining the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Burnout and Stress Among U.S. Nurses
Martin, B., Kaminski-Ozturk, N., O’Hara, C., & Smiley, R. A. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/s2155-8256(23)00063-7 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“The main drivers of nurses’ intent to leave are frequently identified as more durable issues or problems, such as insufficient staffing levels, desire for higher pay, not feeling listened to or supported at work, and the emotional toll of the job (Lasater et al., 2021; Galanis et al., 2021; Murat et al., 2021; Berlin,…”
BackgroundResultGualano, M. R., Sinigaglia, T., Moro, G. L., Rousset, S., Cremona, A., Bert, F., & Siliquini, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158172 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Some sociodemographic variables such as age and female gender have been often found to be associated with burnout, both before the pandemic among ICU/ED workers [34] and during the pandemic among general HCWs [46].”
BackgroundChutiyami, M., Cheong, A. M. Y., Salihu, D., Bello, U. M., Ndwiga, D. W., Maharaj, R., Naidoo, K., Kolo, M. A., Jacob, P., Chhina, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804525 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Magnavita, N., Chirico, F., Garbarino, S., Bragazzi, N. L., Santacroce, E., & Zaffina, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084361 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“A systematic review and meta-analysis, published in March 2021 [44], identified 16 studies on nurses working with COVID-19 patients.”
BackgroundDragioti, E., Tsartsalis, D., Mentis, M., Mantzoukas, S., & Gouva, M. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104272 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…fi ndings partly contrast with abundant literature showing that nurses were more vulnerable to stress (Luo et al., 2020) but are in line with the notion that nurses would suffer from poor mental health outcomes with numerous factors in fl uencing them (Galanis et al., 2021; Varghese et al., 2021).”
The quiet quitting scale: Development and initial validation
Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., Moisoglou, I., Gallos, P., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2023) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2023055 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationGalanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., Meimeti, E., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2023) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep13030095 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Also, nurses experienced extremely difficult working conditions, such as longer working time in quarantine areas, working in a high-risk environment, in hospitals with inadequate and insufficient material and human resources, increased workloads, and lower levels of specialized training regarding COVID-19 [28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of Nurse Leaders Behaviors on Nursing Staff Performance: A Systematic Review of Literature
Alsadaan, N., Salameh, B. S., Reshia, F. A. A., Alruwaili, R. F., Alruwaili, M. M., Ali, S. A. A., Alruwaili, A. N., Hefnawy, G. R., Alshammari, M. S. S., Alrumayh, A. G. R., et al. (2023) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580231178528 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Getie, ፟., Ayenew, T., Amlak, B. T., Gedfew, M., Edmealem, A., & Kebede, W. M. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03266-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This finding underscores the importance of understanding the inter-play between personal and professional responsibilities in assessing burnout risk [2, 21, 23, 26].”
Comparison of Nurse Burnout, Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sullivan, D., Sullivan, V., Weatherspoon, D. L., & Frazer, C. (2021) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2021.11.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Galanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Malliarou, M. M., Papathanasiou, I. V., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010079 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“They found themselves providing care in an unsupportive working environment, which carries the pathologies of the past [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGalanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T. A., Moisoglou, I., Gallos, P., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12931 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationGalanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep14010020 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Also, during this period, the organizational weaknesses of the healthcare care organizations continued to emerge once again [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBae, S. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01190-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses’ burnout increased and was a critical issue [56].”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Growth Among Health Care Workers on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Feingold, J. H., Hurtado, A., Feder, A., Peccoralo, L. A., Southwick, S., Ripp, J., & Pietrzak, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.032 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“They also align with prior research underscoring the importance of social support on burnout risk in health care personnel (Bellanti et al., 2021; Cyr et al., 2021; Galanis et al., 2021; Ruisoto et al., 2020), and that spirituality, particularly positive spiritual coping, is associated with lower rates of PTSD and rel…”
ResultInterventions to reduce burnout among clinical nurses: systematic review and meta-analysis
Lee, M., & Cha, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38169-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sabei, S. D. A., Rawajfah, O. A., ABUALRUB, R. F., Labrague, L. J., & Burney, I. A. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13077 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In addition, this result supported studies conducted during the pandemic that linked nurses' burnout to a lack of hospital materials and manpower (Galanis et al., 2021). burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
InfluentialBurnout in Hospital-Based Healthcare Workers during COVID-19
Maunder, R., Heeney, N. D., Strudwick, G., Shin, H. D., O’Neill, B. G., Young, N., Jeffs, L. P., Barrett, K. A., Bodmer, N. S., Born, K. B., et al. (2021) · doi:10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.46.1.0 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Burnout and intent to leave during COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study of New Jersey hospital nurses
de Cordova, P. B., Johansen, M. L., Grafova, I. B., Crincoli, S., Prado, J., & Pogorzelska‐Maziarz, M. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13647 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, researchers found that factors that increased nurses’ burnout included working in high-risk environments, working in hospitals with inadequate PPE, increased workload, and lower level of training for caring for COVID-19 patients (Galanis et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialPappa, S., Sakkas, N., & Sakka, E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T. A., Moisoglou, I., Gallos, P., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.70057 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationClinton, M. E., Bou‐Karroum, K., Doumit, M. A. A., Richa, N., & Alameddine, M. S. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00789-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased burnout was associated with younger age, decreased social support, low family and colleague readiness to cope with the pandemic, and working in high-risk environments with increased workloads and insufficient equipment [15].”
BackgroundGalanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Papathanasiou, I. V., Malliarou, M. M., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I. S., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12030291 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, the extremely difficult and demanding working conditions combined with the organizational inefficiencies of the past resulted in a large proportion of nurses becoming burnt out [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNursing staff fatigue and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
Sikaras, C., Ilias, Ι., Tselebis, A., Pachi, A., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Gil, A. P. R., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2021) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2022008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with reviews and meta-analyses, which showed that younger female nurses with less clinical experience are more vulnerable to adverse mental health effects [34,35].”
ResultMaunder, R., Heeney, N. D., Hunter, J., Strudwick, G., Jeffs, L. P., Ginty, L., Johnstone, J., Kiss, A., Loftus, C., & Wiesenfeld, L. A. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-022-00352-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Our study’s finding that lower age and, by implication, less experience in healthcare, is associated with greater emotional exhaustion and psychological distress is consistent with numerous previous studies [27, 39, 56, 57].”
ResultThe Level and Outcomes of Emotional Labor in Nurses: A Scoping Review
Feng, H., Zhang, M., Li, X., Shen, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/2024/5317359 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Additionally, nurses reported a 34.1% prevalence of emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19 pandemic according to a systematic review [16].”
InfluentialGalanis, P., Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., & MASTROGIANNI, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060623 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“However, our meta-analyses suggested the absence of publication bias.”
BackgroundSelf-citationToscano, F., Tommasi, F., & Giusino, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912914 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Other contributions have focused on nurses working in more than one ward [21], or comparisons between healthcare workers with different roles but working in single-type wards [22].”
BackgroundImpact of the Work Environment on Nurse Outcomes: A Mediation Analysis
Boudreau, C., & Rhéaume, A. (2024) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459241230369 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence protects nurses against quiet quitting, turnover intention, and job burnout
Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Moisoglou, I., Καλογεροπούλου, Μ., Gallos, P., & Vraka, I. S. (2024) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2024030 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Also, a meta-analysis of 18,935 nurses found that the pooled prevalence of a lack of personal accomplishment, depersonalization, and emotional exhaustion was 15.2%, 12.6%, and 34.1%, respectively [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAbdulmohdi, N. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.2036 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Galanis et al. (2021) also identified staff perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on their safety and patient safety as contributing factors to increase risk of burnout.”
BackgroundInfluentialNursing Workforce Challenges in the Postpandemic World
Kurtzman, E. T., Ghazal, L. V., Girouard, S., Ma, C., Martin, B., McGee, B. T., Pogue, C. A., Connell, K. A., Root, M. C., Schlak, A. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/s2155-8256(22)00061-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“A 16-study synthesis of nurse burnout literature during the pandemic found high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, as well as reduced feelings of personal accomplishment (Galanis et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBurnout, Depression and Sense of Coherence in Nurses during the Pandemic Crisis
Pachi, A., Sikaras, C., Ilias, Ι., Παναγιώτου, Α., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Baras, S., Tsitrouli, L. A., & Tselebis, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010134 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with reviews and meta-analyses indicating that female nurses are more vulnerable to adverse mental health effects; facts that should be taken into consideration in further research on stress, coping, and health [4,41,42].”
ResultCatania, G., Zanini, M. P., Cremona, M. A., Landa, P., Musio, M. E., Watson, R. A., Aleo, G., Aiken, L. H., Sasso, L., & Bagnasco, A. (2024) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105032 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prevalence of Burnout among Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Fernández, I. L., Lipnicki, D. M., Mondragón, N. I., & Santabárbara, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064866 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“1% [53], groups that have been studied more extensively [54].”
BackgroundKabunga, A., & Okalo, P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054284 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Andlib, S., Inayat, S., Azhar, K., & Aziz, F. (2022) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12750 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mental health among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand
Chinvararak, C., Kerdcharoen, N., Pruttithavorn, W., Polruamngern, N., Asawaroekwisoot, T., Munsukpol, W., & Kirdchok, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268704 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Regarding burnout, studies identified risk factors of burnout, including younger age, high workload [13], occupational factors, gender differences, [14] working on PLOS ONE Mental health among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand”
BackgroundResultLuo, D., Song, Y., Cai, X., Li, R., Bai, Y., Chen, B., & Ya, L. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13852 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lucas, B., Vahedi, B., & Karimzadeh, M. (2022) · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics · doi:10.1007/s41060-021-00295-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“, ventilators, personal protective equipment, gowns, sanitizer) to the areas with high COVID risk [17,18,33].”
BackgroundVogt, K. S., Simms‐Ellis, R., Grange, A., Griffiths, M. E., Coleman, R., Harrison, R., Shearman, N., Horsfield, C., Budworth, L., Marran, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16642 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Guastello, A. D., Brunson, J. C., Sambuco, N., Dale, L. P., Tracy, N. A., Allen, B. R., & Mathews, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16463 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Unsurprisingly, burnout has remained high during the COVID- 19 pandemic (Denning et al., 2021; Galanis et al., 2021; O'Brien et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSagherian, K., Cho, H., & Steege, L. M. B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16451 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Hospital nurses worked longer shifts (e.g., 12 h extending to 14 or 16 h) and extra days to care for high acuity patients and cover staffing shortages and sickness absences (Galanis et al., 2021; Turale et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSchulze, S., Merz, S., Thier, A., Tallarek, M., König, F., Uhlenbrock, G., Nübling, M., Lincke, H.-J., Rapp, M. A., Spallek, J., et al. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08333-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“[36], who found that, amongst other factors, increased workload, longer working hours, working in a high-risk environment and decreased social support are associated with higher burnout rates in nurses during the pandemic.”
BackgroundYang, J.-X., Chen, Y.-M., Tian, Y.-S., Li, X.-T., Yu, Q., Huang, C.-M., Chen, Z.-Y., Ning, M., Li, S.-N., He, J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13337 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Missouridou, E., Μangoulia, P., Pavlou, V., Kritsotakis, E., Stefanou, E., Bibou, P., Kelesi, Μ., & Fradelos, Ε. C. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12946 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Professional Identity in Nursing: A Narrative Review of the ISPIN Definition and Domains Usage
Marold, S. M. G., Strouse, S. M., & Butcher, D. (2025) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608251335240 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“During a time when burnout is increasingly common among nurses in a post-COVID era (Buchan & Catton, 2023; Galanis et al., 2021; Martin et al., 2023) and many healthcare organizations face nursing shortages (Buchan & Catton, 2023; Martin et al., 2023), it is important to further explore…”
Lau, S. S. S., Ho, C. C. Y., Pang, R., Su, S., Kwok, H., Fung, S., & Ho, R. C. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148235 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Efficacy of Transcendental Meditation to Reduce Stress Among Health Care Workers
Joshi, S. P., Wong, A.-K. I., Brucker, A., Ardito, T. A., Chow, S., Vaishnavi, S., & Lee, P. J. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31917 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“8) Median (IQR) [range] 29 (23-37) [0-51] 22 (11-27) [6-50] 24 (18-37) [4-46] MBI depersonalization subscorec Mean (SD) 7.”
BackgroundInfluentialTang, L., Yu, X., Wu, Y., Zhao, N., Liang, R.-L., Gao, X., Jiang, W., Chen, Y.-F., & Yang, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1019635 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Huang, Z., Huang, F., Liang, Q., Liao, F.-Z., Tang, C.-Z., Luo, M.-L., Lu, S.-L., Lian, J.-J., Li, S.-E., Wei, S.-Q., et al. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01380-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sabei, S. D. A., ABUALRUB, R. F., Yahyaei, A. A., Rawajfah, O. A., Labrague, L. J., Burney, I. A., & Al‐Maqbali, M. (2023) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101321 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Norful, A. A., Albloushi, M., Zhao, J., Gao, Y., Castro, J., Palaganas, E. C., Magsingit, N. S., Molo, J., Alenazy, B. A., & Rivera, R. R. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12994 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Li, M., Yang, Y., Xia, L., Min, K., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Kaslow, N. J., Liu, D. Y., Tang, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13052 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Another meta-analysis showed that, among psychiatric nurses, the prevalence of the various components of burnout was also high during the COVID-19 pandemic (Galanis et al. 2021).”
BackgroundNantsupawat, A., Wichaikhum, O., Abhicharttibutra, K., Sadarangani, T. R., & Poghosyan, L. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16761 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Leary, M., Cacchione, P. Z., Demiris, G., Carthon, J. M. B., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12805 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Petersen, J., Wendsche, J., & Melzer, M. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15471 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chong, Y. Y., Frey, E., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., & Gloster, A. T. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12874 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Jeong, Y. J., & Shin, S. (2022) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103327 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fear of COVID-19 Impact on Professional Quality of Life among Mental Health Workers
Stefanatou, P., Xenaki, L., Karagiorgas, I., Ntigrintaki, A.-A., Giannouli, E., Malogiannis, I. A., & Konstantakopoulos, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169949 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Younger age may be related to less experience and lack of specialized training, which consequently leads to limited capacity of managing crises or stressful professional situations [47].”
BackgroundInfluentialMoisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Malliarou, M. M., Papathanasiou, I. V., Gallos, P., & Galanis, P. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070710 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This high workload, combined with nursing understaffing, lack of resources, and longer working time in quarantine areas, increased the likelihood of developing burnout [24,25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationShiu, C. A., Chen, W., Hung, C., Huang, E. P., & Lee, T. S. (2021) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.09.022 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Specifically, HCP who provided care to suspected or confirmed cases displayed higher levels of burnout symptoms as compared with their colleagues who did not involve in direct care delivery.(10,12) The relationships between burnout symptoms and professions were also documented in different studies, yet the directions…”
Experiences and perceptions of nurses working night shift: a qualitative systematic review
Weaver, S. H., de Cordova, P. B., Vitale, T. R., Hargwood, P., & Salmond, S. W. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00472 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nantsupawat, A., Kutney-Lee, A. M., Abhicharttibutra, K., Wichaikhum, O., & Poghosyan, L. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01958-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Numerous international studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, have documented higher rates of burnout [15] and intention to leave [41] among nursing professionals in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBruyneel, A., Dello, S., Dauvergne, J. E., Kohnen, D., & Sermeus, W. (2024) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103885 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Relationship between burnout and turnover intention among nurses: a network analysis
Zheng, J., Feng, S., Feng, Y., Wang, L., Gao, R. B., & Xue, B. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02624-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mental impact of Covid-19 among Spanish healthcare workers. A large longitudinal survey
Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Alayo, I., Ferrer, M., Amigo, F., Peña, A. A., Aragonès, E., Campos, M. T., del Cura-González, I., Urreta, I., et al. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000130 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nasrabadi, A. N., Abbasi, S., Mardani, A., Maleki, M., & Vlaisavljević, Ž. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1034624 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Second Victims among Austrian Pediatricians (SeViD-A1 Study)
Potura, E., Klemm, V., Roesner, H., Sitter, B., Huscsava, H., Trifunovic-Koenig, M., Voitl, P., & Strametz, R. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11182501 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The growing body of evidence suggests that there is a negative correlation between increasing age and job-related stress levels and burnout among different healthcare professionals [20–22].”
The impact of career calling on nurse burnout: A moderated mediation model
Xie, S., Jing, J., Li, R., Yan, S., Yu, G., & Xu, Z. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12957 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zarei, S., & Fooladvand, K. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00905-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Grande, R. A. N., Berdida, D. J. E., Villagracia, H. N., Raguindin, S. M., Cornejo, L. T. O., Alreshidi, N. M., Alshammari, A. T., Aljebari, B. J., & Alabd, A. M. A. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13754 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…emotional, and psychological capacity to provide quality nursing care, regardless of their professional competence, due to high levels of exhaustion, loss of energy, fatigue, negative emotions, low morale and inability to cope with current stressors (Dall’Ora et al., 2020; Galanis et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialMerkle, S. L., Welton, M., van Zyl, A., Chong, M., Tanner, A., Rose, C. E., Hertz, M. F., Hill, L., Leroy, Z. C., Sifre, K., et al. (2022) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/10598405221131048 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“A metaanalysis of nurse burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic found similar results that some associated risk factors included increased workload, low levels of COVID-19 training, increased working times and number of patients (Galanis et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultNorful, A. A., Cato, K., Chang, B., Amberson, T., & Castner, J. (2023) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2022.12.014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Анатольевна, Я. В., Suarez, A., & Kharchenko, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010335 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Another possible factor is burnout of the medical professionals, which increased dramatically during the pandemic [31].”
BackgroundLuo, Y., Feng, X., Wang, D., Qiao, X., Xiao, X., Jia, S., Zheng, M., & Reinhardt, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16613 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Unachukwu, I. C., Abrams, M. P., Dolan, A. R., Oyekemi, K., Meisel, Z. F., South, E. C., & Aronowitz, S. V. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00752-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Registered nurses' psychological capital: A scoping review
Flinkman, M., Coco, K., Rudman, A., & Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13183 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Individual-Based Strategies to Reduce Nurse Burnout: An Umbrella Review
Hsu, H., Lee, H., Hung, H., Chen, Y., Yen, M., Chiang, H., Chow, L., Fetzer, S. J., & Mu, P. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/2024/8544725 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews were searched in the Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCO), Scopus, and WOS databases.”
Maideen, A. A., Idris, D. R., Lupat, A., Chung, Y. F., Haji‐Badarudin, H., Suhai, H., Abdullah, H. N., Omar, H., Kisut, R., Rahman, H. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“If the COVID-19 pandemic is here to stay and now most countries are entering the endemic phase, prolonged stress may result in burnout (Galanis et al. 2021).”
BackgroundWang, M., Wang, L., & Lu, C. (2022) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1457 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“According to the study by Galanis (Galanis et al., 2021), during the COVID- 19 outbreak, 34.1%, 15.2% and 12.6% of nurses experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion, low personal accomplishment and depersonalisation, respectively.”
InfluentialXu, Y., Zheng, Q., Jiang, X., Guo, S., Kang, Y., Lin, Y., & Liu, G. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1709 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“We also found that social support were negatively correlated with of nurses' mental health during the COVID- 19 epidemic, which was similar to the finding of Galanis et al. (2021) that decreased social support was one of the main risk factors to increase the burnout of nurses.”
MethodResultAbdi, F. S., Jahangiri, M., Kamalinia, M., Cousins, R., & Mokarami, H. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01223-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Saleh, M. S. M., Abd-Elhamid, Z. N., Aldhafeeri, N. A., Dailah, H. G., Alenezi, A., Zoromba, M. A., & Elsabahy, H. E. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/2024/2311882 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Tese fndings underline the necessity of leadership strategies that not only meet urgent clinical needs but also cultivate a positive and encouraging work atmosphere [9].”
Lim, S., Song, Y., Nam, Y.-Y., Lee, Y., & Kim, D. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58020171 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Despite having inadequate knowledge about this infectious disease and the lack of clinical guidelines, nurses continue to provide care for patients while dealing with anxieties about the risk of contracting the infection and potentially spreading it to their families and with unresolved fatigue from the high workload…”
BackgroundGe, M., Hu, F., Jia, Y., Tang, W. H., Zhang, W., Zhao, D., Shen, W., & Chen, H. (2023) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103643 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sun, H., Zhang, T., Wang, X., Wang, C., Zhang, M., & Song, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1270634 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Harb, F., Banna, S. A., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2025) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-025-01012-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The measures that could be introduced involve sufficient personal protective equipment, designated rest periods, social support through hospital support groups, and immediate access to mental health care services for all nurses [81].”
Aljabri, D., Al-Shatti, F. A., Alumran, A. K., Al-Rayes, S., Alsalman, D. M., Althumairi, A., Al-Kahtani, N. K., Aljabri, M., Alsuhaibani, S. S., & Alanzi, T. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.854687 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“On the contrary, Central Asia reported the lowest burnout symptoms (30, 31).”
BackgroundKhan, Y., Bruyneel, A., & Smith, P. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13624 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…of the political authorities, these responsibilities tend to be delegated to semi-public institutions in which stakeholders, such as sickness funds and representatives of professionals, have a high level of bargaining power and defend their particular interests (Gerkens & Merkur, 2010).”
BackgroundTeoh, K., Kinman, G., Harriss, A., & Robus, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15359 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chu, W., Ho, H., Lin, Y.-L., Li, J.-Y., Lin, C.-F., Chen, C.-H., Shieh, G.-J., Chan, W., & Tsan, Y. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.12.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Interventions to Reduce Electronic Health Record-Related Burnout: A Systematic Review
Kang, C., & Sarkar, I. N. (2023) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.1055/a-2203-3787 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Use of Music to Manage Burnout in Nurses: A Systematic Review
Finnerty, R., Zhang, K., Tabuchi, R. A., & Zhang, K. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221105862 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Age of Young Nurses Is a Predictor of Burnout Syndrome during the Care of Patients with COVID-19
Moya‐Salazar, J., Buitrón, L. A., Goicochea‐Palomino, E. A., Salazar, C. R., Moya‐Salazar, B., & Contreras‐Pulache, H. (2023) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep13020063 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“2% for lack of personal fulfillment [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialKöksal, K., & Mert, İ. S. (2023) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12841 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on nurses’ job satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yasin, Y. M., Alomari, A. M. A., Al‐Hamad, A., & Kehyayan, V. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1285101 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prevalence of turnover intention among emergency nurses worldwide: a meta-analysis
Ren, H., Xue, Y., Li, P., Yin, X., Xin, W., & Li, H. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02284-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The early pandemic phase’s PPE shortage forced nurses to work at increased infection risk, impacting their health and mental well-being and furthering their consideration of leaving the profession [75].”
BackgroundCalegari, J. G., Russo, S., Luciani, M., Strepparava, M. G., Mauro, S. D., & Ausili, D. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13845 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Compassion fatigue (secondary traumatic stress and burnout) was found to be high in professionals who worked closely with COVID-19 patients (Buselli et al., 2020; Galanis et al., 2021; Orrù et al., 2021; Ortega-Galán et al., 2020; Ruiz-Fernández et al., 2020; Trumello et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Fragkou, D., Bilali, A., & Kaitelidou, D.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital (GR)
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation Department of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Corresponding author
- Galanis, Petros
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-25
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3286-3302
- ISSN
- 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2648
- PMC
- PMC8250618
- OpenAlex
- W3147264347
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 293 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 33 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 24.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- nurse burnout, COVID-19 pandemic, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, risk factors, social support, workload, threat perception, COVID-19 training, nurses
- MeSH terms
- Burnout, Psychological, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Burnout, Professional, Humans, Nurses, Risk Factors, Pandemics
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