An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Highlight • Children and adolescents who are often neglected in the wake of the outbreak were taken as subjects to investigate their mental health status and analyze the related influencing factors during the global pandemic of COVID-19.• The presence of clinical depressive symptoms, resident in urban regions, implementation of the precaution and control measures, being female, having a family member or friend infected with coronavirus were associated with increased levels of anxiety.• Smartphone addiction, Internet addiction, resident in Hubei province and urban areas, family members or friends infected with coronavirus, graduation affected by the epidemic, levels of separation anxiety, physical injury fear, and tendency to adopt an emotion-focused coping style were associated with increased levels of respondents’ depressive symptoms.• It's urgent to concern and address emotional distress for children and adolescents during the epidemic. Targeted intervention measures could be formulated based on the significant influencing factors on anxiety and clinical depressive symptoms.
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Depression and anxiety were higher among children and adolescents in other pandemics, and specifically COVID-19.
“Depression and anxiety were higher among children and adolescents in other pandemics, and specifically COVID‑19 [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion reports higher anxiety levels in Chinese children and adolescents during COVID-19 than before the outbreak, and a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than earlier estimates. It does not establish that both were higher among children and adolescents during other pandemics. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFemale adolescents showed higher depression and anxiety levels during COVID-19 than male adolescents.
“Studies also reported that female adolescents showed higher depression and anxiety levels during COVID‑19 than male adolescents did [23,24,25,32,33].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (Table 3; page not provided) show higher anxiety scores for adolescent females than adolescent males during the COVID-19 outbreak. The paper reports depressive symptoms overall, but the cited Results passages do not establish that adolescent females had higher depression levels than adolescent males. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescents spent 5-10 h per day online.
“The respondents in Ellis et al.’s (2020) and Duan et al.’s (2020) studies reported that adolescents spent 5–10 h per day online, which is a potential risk factor for addiction to the Internet or smartphone [24,25].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Duan et al. (2020)
The Results report that 29.58% of respondents spent at least five hours per day online during the epidemic; the Discussion describes this as a potential risk factor for Internet or smartphone addiction. The paper does not give a 5–10-hour range, and the figure applies to a minority of respondents rather than adolescents generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpending 5-10 h per day online is a potential risk factor for addiction to the Internet or smartphone.
“The respondents in Ellis et al.’s (2020) and Duan et al.’s (2020) studies reported that adolescents spent 5–10 h per day online, which is a potential risk factor for addiction to the Internet or smartphone [24,25].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion reports that 29.58% of respondents spent more than five hours per day online during the epidemic and calls this a potential risk factor for Internet or smartphone addiction. The Results categorize time as ≥5 hours, not 5–10 hours, and the sample included both children and adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescents spent 5-10 h per day online.
“The respondents in Ellis et al.’s (2020) and Duan et al.’s (2020) studies reported that adolescents spent 5–10 h per day online, which is a potential risk factor for addiction to the Internet or smartphone [24,25].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (Table 2; page not provided) report that 29.58% of respondents spent at least five hours per day online during the epidemic; the sample included both children and adolescents. The Discussion (page not provided) describes this as a potential addiction risk. Neither passage establishes a 10-hour upper limit or reports the figure for adolescents separately. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Lifestyle transformation such as school closure, physical distancing, quarantine, isolation, and the threat of being infected is associated with depression and anxiety disorders among children and adolescents.
“Seven studies reported that lifestyle transformation such as school closure, physical distancing, quarantine, isolation, and the threat of being infected is associated with depression and anxiety disorders among children and adolescents [18,21,24,25,29,30,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links home confinement, delayed return to school and lifestyle changes to poorer mental health in children and adolescents. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms during the outbreak and suggests that prolonged isolation may help explain depression levels. The paper does not separately establish an association for physical distancing, and its findings concern symptoms in children and adolescents in China rather than diagnosed disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImpairments in mental health leave children and adolescents with increased emotional stress, feelings of helplessness, and fear, which can evolve into mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms.
“Specifically, impairments in mental health leave children and adolescents with increased emotional stress, feelings of helplessness, and fear, which can evolve into mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports heightened anxiety and fear among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, and also reports depressive symptoms. It mentions helplessness alongside anxiety and depression, but does not show that stress, helplessness, or fear evolve into those conditions; the passages do not address posttraumatic stress symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPandemics are precursors to mental health decline.
“The results are overwhelming and demonstrate that pandemics are precursors to mental health decline [18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports higher anxiety levels among children and adolescents in China during the COVID-19 outbreak than before it, and higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than earlier estimates. This supports mental-health decline in that setting, but the study does not establish that pandemics generally cause such decline. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDecline in mental health in young populations leads to engagement in unhealthy behaviors such as substance abuse, absenteeism from work, and school interruptions.
“The consequences of the decline in mental health in young populations lead to engagement in unhealthy behaviors such as substance abuse, absenteeism from work, and school interruptions [22,24,27,28,33].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results link depressive symptoms with smartphone and Internet addiction and with graduation affected by the epidemic; the Discussion also describes poor study performance in connection with Internet overuse. These are associations, not evidence that declining mental health causes those outcomes. Our copy does not address substance abuse or absenteeism from work, and it describes school disruption as related to the epidemic rather than as a consequence of declining mental health. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPandemics markedly contribute to a wide breadth of negative mental health consequences for children and adolescents.
“These results demonstrate that pandemics markedly contribute to a wide breadth of negative mental health consequences for children and adolescents, which establishes the critical need to explore effective strategies to promote positive mental health during pandemics.”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports higher anxiety scores across five dimensions among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, and a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than earlier estimates. The study concerns children and adolescents in China during one outbreak; it does not establish that pandemics generally cause a wide breadth of mental-health consequences. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe current global pandemic resulted in a significant increase in the number of hours that children and adolescents spend online and on social media.
“The current global pandemic has resulted in a significant increase in the number of hours that children and adolescents spend online and on social media [24,25].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (Table 2; page not available) show that children and adolescents in the Chinese sample spent more time online during the epidemic than before it, and the Discussion explicitly notes this increase. The paper does not measure time spent specifically on social media, establish the finding globally, or report a significance test for the increase in online hours. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKeeping children and adolescents well informed will alleviate psychological distress and associated risky social and behavioral problems.
“As a result, it will alleviate the psychological distress and associated risky social and behavioral problems of children and adolescents, as we reported earlier [23,24,26,27,30,32].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that rumors and misinformation may worsen social phobia and other mental disorders in children and adolescents, and the Conclusions call for targeted psychological interventions. The paper does not show that keeping them well informed alleviates psychological distress or associated risky social and behavioral problems. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFemale adolescents have a higher risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Because female adolescents have a higher risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID‑19 pandemic [23,24,25,32,33], generating mental health-promoting strategies specific to these gender and age categories is critical.”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (Table 3; page unavailable) show higher anxiety scores for female than male adolescents, and the Results text reports higher anxiety scores for females overall. The paper reports depressive symptoms among children and adolescents during the outbreak, but its reported depression risk factors do not establish that female adolescents had a higher risk of depression. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDepression and anxiety disorders are associated with school closure, physical-distancing measures, and increased time online during pandemics.
“Because depression and anxiety disorders are associated with the closure of schools, physical-distancing measures, and the increased time that children and adolescents spend online during pandemics [18,21,24,25,29,30,34], delivering informative educational materials through online media will give adolescents an opportunity to utilize their online hours productively by staying well-informed.”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction links home confinement and deferred school reopening to poorer mental health, while the Results and Discussion associate precautionary measures with anxiety symptoms and internet addiction with depressive symptoms. The paper also reports increased time online during the outbreak, but does not establish that the increase itself was associated with both depression and anxiety disorders. Its findings concern symptoms in Chinese children and adolescents during COVID-19, not diagnosed disorders across pandemics (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the emotional and behavioral experience of children and adolescents.
“on the COVID‑19 pandemic reported that the current pandemic has significantly affected the emotional and behavioral experience of children and adolescents [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Smartphone addiction is significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.18).
“Duan et al. (2020) noted that smartphone addiction (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.10–1.18) and Internet addiction (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21–2.81) are significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents [24].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Duan et al. (2020)
Smartphone addiction is significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.18).
“Duan et al. (2020) noted that smartphone addiction (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.10–1.18) and Internet addiction (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21–2.81) are significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents [24].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Internet addiction is significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.21-2.81).
“Duan et al. (2020) noted that smartphone addiction (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.10–1.18) and Internet addiction (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21–2.81) are significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents [24].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Duan et al. (2020)
Internet addiction is significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.21-2.81).
“Duan et al. (2020) noted that smartphone addiction (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.10–1.18) and Internet addiction (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21–2.81) are significantly associated with clinical depressive symptoms among children and adolescents [24].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Pandemics have a significant impact on the mental health of children and adolescents.
“Our findings from this current review shed light on the significant impact of pandemics on the mental health of children and adolescents.”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The majority of reviewed studies revealed the impact of pandemics on the decline of children's and adolescents' mental health.
“The majority of studies that we reviewed have revealed the impact of pandemics on the decline of children’s and adolescents’ mental health [18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].”
From Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The five child and adolescent studies were all cross-sectional and conducted in China.
“Five studies remained, which were all cross-sectional studies, conducted in China, and the variables most commonly measured were depression and anxiety [14–18].”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The review identified five studies on children and adolescents.
“our findings of five studies on children and 16 studies on college students”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The child and adolescent studies most commonly measured depression and anxiety.
“the variables most commonly measured were depression and anxiety [14–18]”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The study's findings are in line with previous research indicating that COVID-19 restrictions have impacted the psychosocial wellbeing of young people.
“These findings are in line with previous research [14,29,37], which indicates that the restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the psychosocial wellbeing of young people.”
From A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G.
- Affiliations
- Chengde Medical University (CN)
- First Hospital of China Medical University (CN)
- Sheng Jing Hospital (CN)
- Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Gang
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 275
- Pages
- 112-118
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7329661
- OpenAlex
- W3039247277
- Semantic Scholar
- 22c17a50bef1cfc8082104dcf90feeb0450e38b7
- Cited by
- 991
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 258 · 2020: 51
- FWCI
- 77.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, child mental health, adolescent mental health, anxiety, depressive symptoms, coping styles, emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, smartphone addiction, internet addiction, Hubei Province
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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