The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The prevalence of probable mental health disorders among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be documented worldwide with systematic reviews playing a pivotal role. Here we present updated findings from our systematic review and meta-analysis on the mental health impacts among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase and Web Of Science Core Collection between 1st January 2000 to 17th February 2022 for studies using validated methods and reporting on the prevalence of diagnosed or probable mental health disorders in hospital healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A meta-analysis of proportions and odds ratio was performed using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated using test of subgroup differences and 95 % prediction intervals. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 401 studies, representing 458,754 participants across 58 countries. Pooled prevalence of depression was 28.5 % (95 % CI: 26.3-30.7), anxiety was 28.7 % (95 % CI: 26.5-31.0), PTSD was 25.5 % (95 % CI: 22.5-28.5), alcohol and substance use disorder was 25.3 % (95 % CI: 13.3-39.6) and insomnia was 24.4 % (95 % CI: 19.4-29.9). Prevalence rates were stratified by physicians, nurses, allied health, support staff and healthcare students, which varied considerably. There were significantly higher odds of probable mental health disorders in women, those working in high-risk units and those providing direct care. LIMITATIONS: Majority of studies used self-report measures which reflected probable mental health disorders rather than actual diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: These updated findings have enhanced our understanding of at-risk groups working in hospitals. Targeted support and research towards these differences in mental health risks are recommended to mitigate any long-term consequences.
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“In particular, nurses experienced poorer mental health than other health care professionals [2].”
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“During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care professionals experienced high levels of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [2].”
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Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · cited 1×
“This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines when conducting this study (Moher et al., 2009) (S1 Appendix).”
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · cited 1×
“The variability in prevalence estimates that was due to heterogeneity was assessed using standard χ2 to test for significant heterogeneity and I2 to determine low (<25 %), moderate (25 %–50 %), and high (>75 %) heterogeneity among studies (Higgins et al., 2003).”
MethodPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · cited 2×
“A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using R (R Core Team, 2013), and the packages meta, metafor and dmetar (Balduzzi et al., 2019; Harrer et al., 2019a; Harrer et al., 2019b; Viechtbauer, 2010; Wang, 2018).”
MethodThe Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378 · cited 2×
“, 2020) and have been found to be associated with PTSD symptoms (Brooks et al., 2020; Brophy et al., 2020; Carmassi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHow to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial
Balduzzi, S., Rücker, G., & Schwarzer, G. (2019) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117 · Cited by 5,827
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 · Cited by 5,715
PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement
McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D. M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V., & Lefebvre, C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021 · Cited by 5,700
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001 · Cited by 5,204 · cited 1×
“In addition, the mental health of women has also been found to be impacted more in the general public during pandemics (Xiong et al., 2020) and out of pandemics (Wang et al.”
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Huang, J., Huang, Z.-T., Sun, X.-C., Chen, T., & Wu, X.-T. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289454 · Cited by 71
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., Alsayed, A. R., Hughes, C., Hacker, E. D., & Dickens, G. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302597 · Cited by 65
Back, A. L., Freeman-Young, T. K., Morgan, L., Sethi, T., Baker, K. K., Myers, S., McGregor, B. A., Harvey, K., Tai, M., Kollefrath, A. W., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49026 · Cited by 52
Collett, G., Korszun, A., & Gupta, A. K. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102562 · Cited by 46
Boucher, V. G., Dahl, M., Lee, J., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.109 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C., & Sheen, J.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Eastern Health (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Brian En Chyi
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 330
- Pages
- 329-345
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10017178
- OpenAlex
- W4324335442
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 14
- FWCI
- 6.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- State Government of Victoria
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental illness, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and substance use disorders, insomnia, prevalence, nurses, physicians, health professions students, workplace mental health, sex differences, direct care workers
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Delivery of Health Care, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Hospitals, Humans, Mental Health, Prevalence, Pandemics
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