Stroke and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Stroke is an established risk factor for all‐cause dementia, though meta‐analyses are needed to quantify this risk. Methods: We searched Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase for studies assessing prevalent or incident stroke versus a no‐stroke comparison group and the risk of all‐cause dementia. Random effects meta‐analysis was used to pool adjusted estimates across studies, and meta‐regression was used to investigate potential effect modifiers. Results: We identified 36 studies of prevalent stroke (1.9 million participants) and 12 studies of incident stroke (1.3 million participants). For prevalent stroke, the pooled hazard ratio for all‐cause dementia was 1.69 (95% confidence interval: 1.49–1.92; P < .00001; I 2 = 87%). For incident stroke, the pooled risk ratio was 2.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.90–2.50; P < .00001; I 2 = 88%). Study characteristics did not modify these associations, with the exception of sex which explained 50.2% of between‐study heterogeneity for prevalent stroke. Discussion: Stroke is a strong, independent, and potentially modifiable risk factor for all‐cause dementia.
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Ischemic stroke is a strong risk factor in the development of dementia due to lesions to cortical and subcortical areas that mediate executive functions.
“Ischemic stroke is a strong risk factor in the development of dementia (Kuzma et al., 2018), due to lesions to cortical and subcortical areas that mediate executive functions (Kalaria et al., 2016).”
From Remembering what did not happen: the role of hypnosis in memory recall and false memories formation (2025) · cites this paper as Kuzma et al., 2018
The Results (Incident stroke; page not available) report that incident stroke more than doubled the risk of all-cause dementia, supporting the risk-factor claim. The analysis does not establish that estimate specifically for ischemic stroke. The lesion-based explanation is attached to Kalaria et al. in the citing sentence, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStroke markedly increases dementia risk.
“One of the clearest examples of this relationship is how stroke -a cerebrovascular event that occurs when a blood vessel is blocked or bursts -markedly increases dementia risk.103”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
Stroke markedly increases dementia risk.
“One of the clearest examples of this relationship is how stroke, which occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or bursts, markedly increases dementia risk.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [113]
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- Authors
- Kuźma, E., Lourida, I., Moore, S. F., Levine, D. A., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Llewellyn, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Llewellyn, David J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-08-31
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1416-1426
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC6231970
- OpenAlex
- W2889368357
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Mary Kinross Charitable Trust
- Halpin Trust
- National Institute for Health Research
- National Institute on Aging
- NIA)/National Institutes of Health
- NIH (R01 AG051827)
- NINDS (R01 NS102715)
- NIA
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- stroke, dementia risk
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Cognition, Dementia, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Vascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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