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Cited by 293Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeurological Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

Vascular Risk Factors for Incident Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia: The Cache County Study

Hayden, Kathleen M., Zandi, Peter P., Lyketsos, Constantine G., Khachaturian, Ara S., Bastian, Lori A., Charoonruk, Gene, Tschanz, JoAnn T., Norton, Maria C. +4 more·2006·Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
DOI 10.1097/01.wad.0000213814.43047.86
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Abstract

Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have been evaluated; however, few studies have compared risks by dementia subtypes and sex. We evaluated relationships between cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and obesity), events (stroke, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and myocardial infarction), and subsequent risk of AD and VaD by sex in a community-based cohort of 3264 Cache County residents aged 65 or older. Cardiovascular history was ascertained by self-report or proxy-report in detailed interviews. AD and VaD were diagnosed using standard criteria. Estimates from discrete-time survival models showed no association between self-reported history of hypertension and high cholesterol and AD after adjustments. Hypertension increased the risk of VaD [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-7.44]. Obesity increased the risk of AD in females (aHR 2.23, 95% CI 1.09-4.30) but not males. Diabetes increased the risk of VaD in females after adjustments (aHR 3.33, 95% CI 1.03-9.78) but not males. The risk of VaD after stroke was increased in females (aHR 16.90, 95% CI 5.58-49.03) and males (aHR 10.95, 95% CI 2.48-44.78). The results indicate that vascular factors increase risks for AD and VaD differentially by sex. Future studies should focus on specific causal pathways for each of these factors with regard to sex to determine if sex differences in the prevalence of vascular factors have an influence on sex differences in dementia risk.

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Crossref · 10.1097/01.wad.0000213814.43047.86

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5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of dementia, but other forms such as vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia are also prevalent.

    “Although Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause, other forms such as vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are also prevalent9–11.”

    From AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data (2024) · cites this paper as [9]

  • Two studies found that overweight raised Alzheimer's disease risk but not vascular dementia risk in women.

    “Two studies reported that overweight increases the risk of AD and not VaD in women 1, 14.”

    From Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study (2009) · cites this paper as [14]

  • Overweight may confer a greater dementia risk in women than in men.

    “Studies that have addressed potential sex differences in the association between overweight and dementia risk indicate that overweight may be a stronger risk factor for women as compared to men 3, 14.”

    From Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study (2009) · cites this paper as [14]

  • Hayden and colleagues observed increased dementia risk only among women, but noted low power in their male analyses.

    “Hayden et al.14 who used BMI in a sample of people aged 65 years and older to predict incident dementia, found an increased risk only for women, however, the authors reported a problem with low statistical power in the analyses of men.”

    From Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study (2009) · cites this paper as [14]

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Authors
Hayden, K. M., Zandi, P. P., Lyketsos, C. G., Khachaturian, A. S., Bastian, L. A., Charoonruk, G., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Pieper, C. F., Munger, R. G., Breitner, J. C. S., & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A.
Affiliations
  • Duke University (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
  • Hayden, Kathleen M.
  • Tschanz, JoAnn T.
  • Norton, Maria C.
  • Munger, Ron G.
ORCID
Venue
Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2006-04
Volume
20
Issue
2
Pages
93-100
ISSN
0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/01.wad.0000213814.43047.86
OpenAlex
W2084970815
Cited by
293
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
FWCI
11.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (AG11-380, R01AG011380, T32AG000029)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH-14592, T32MH014592)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, vascular risk factors, sex differences, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk factors, dementia risk, older adults
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Risk, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, Dementia, Vascular, Causality, Proportional Hazards Models

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