New-onset dementia among survivors of pneumonia associated With severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
Open accessAbstract
Background: Case series without control groups suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may result in cognitive deficits and dementia in the postinfectious period. Methods: Adult pneumonia patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (index hospitalization) and age-, gender-, and race/ethnicity-matched contemporary control pneumonia patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified from 110 healthcare facilities in United States. The risk of new diagnosis of dementia following >30 days after the index hospitalization event without any previous history of dementia was identified using logistic regression analysis to adjust for potential confounders. Results: Among 10 403 patients with pneumonia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 312 patients (3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.7%-3.4%]) developed new-onset dementia over a median period of 182 days (quartile 1 = 113 days, quartile 3 = 277 days). After adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, nicotine dependence/tobacco use, alcohol use/abuse, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, and congestive heart failure, the risk of new-onset dementia was significantly higher with pneumonia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with pneumonia unrelated to SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]). The association remained significant after further adjustment for occurrence of stroke, septic shock, and intubation/mechanical ventilation during index hospitalization (OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]). Conclusions: Approximately 3% of patients with pneumonia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed new-onset dementia, which was significantly higher than the rate seen with other pneumonias.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are proving to be both common and debilitating.
“It is thus not surprising that the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are proving to be both common and debilitating (Nasserie et al., 2021; Mazza et al., 2021; Qureshi et al., 2022; Becker et al., 2021; Tabacof et al., 2022).”
From Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation (2022) · cites this paper as Qureshi et al., 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Certain lifestyle risk factors for dementia such as educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and physical activity [12, 13] could not be ascertained using the Cerner Real-World data and therefore could not be adjusted for in the multivariate analysis.”
RetractedClinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246 · see citing works
A Prediction Rule to Identify Low-Risk Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Fine, M. J., Auble, T. E., Yealy, D. M., Hanusa, B. H., Weissfeld, L. A., Singer, D. E., Coley, C. M., Marrie, T. J., & Kapoor, W. N. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199701233360402 · Cited by 4,560 · see citing works
Tracey, K. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01321 · Cited by 3,728 · see citing works
Population-Based Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by Age and Educational Level
Crum, R. M. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500180078038 · Cited by 2,906 · see citing works
Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., Brummel, N. E., Hughes, C. G., Vasilevskis, E. E., Shintani, A. K., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1301372 · Cited by 2,842 · see citing works
Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00084-5 · Cited by 2,189 · see citing works
Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review) [RETIRED]
Doody, R. S., Stevens, J. E., Beck, C., Dubinsky, R., Kaye, J. A., Gwyther, L. P., Mohs, R. C., Thal, L. J., Whitehouse, P. J., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1154 · Cited by 1,703 · see citing works
High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19
Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y., & Bowe, B. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Knopman, D. S., DeKosky, S. T., Cummings, J. L., Chui, H., Corey–Bloom, J., Relkin, N., Small, G. W., Miller, B., & Stevens, J. C. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1143 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Garrigues, E., Janvier, P., Kherabi, Y., Bot, A. L., Hamon, A., Gouze, H., Doucet, L., Berkani, S., Oliosi, E., Mallart, É., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
Phetsouphanh, C., Darley, D. R., Wilson, D. B., Howe, A., Munier, C. M. L., Patel, S. K., Juno, J. A., Burrell, L. M., Kent, S. J., Dore, G. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Merkler, A. E., Parikh, N. S., Mir, S., Gupta, A., Kamel, H., Lin, E., Lantos, J., Schenck, E. J., Goyal, P., Bruce, S. S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV)
Guzé, S. B. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.8.1228 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Quan, H., Li, B., Saunders, L. D., Parsons, G. A., Nilsson, C., Alibhai, A., Ghali, W. A., & for the IMECCHI Investigators (2008) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00822.x · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Neuropathological features of Covid-19
Solomon, I. H., Normandin, E., Bhattacharyya, S., Mukerji, S. S., Keller, K., Ali, A. S., Adams, G., Hornick, J. L., Padera, R. F., & Sabeti, P. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2019373 · Cited by 815 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Acute hypoxic injury in the cerebrum and cerebellum and loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer, with foci of perivascular lymphocytes and focal leptomeningeal inflammation, are seen in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection [26].”
Tariq, S. H., Tumosa, N., Chibnall, J. T., Perry, M. H., & Morley, J. E. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000221510.33817.86 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Evans, R. A., McAuley, H. J. C., Harrison, E. M., Shikotra, A., Singapuri, A., Sereno, M., Elneima, O., Docherty, A. B., Lone, N., Leavy, O. C., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00383-0 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J. (2005) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.015 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
The diagnosis of young-onset dementia
Rossor, M. N., Fox, N. C., Mummery, C. J., Schott, J. M., & Warren, J. D. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70159-9 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Epidemiology and risk factors of dementia
van der Flier, W. M. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.082867 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy‐associated morbidity in Covid‐19 patients
Liotta, E. M., Batra, A., Clark, J. R., Shlobin, N. A., Hoffman, S. C., Orban, Z. S., & Koralnik, I. J. (2020) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51210 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Chakravarty, S., & Herkenham, M. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4268-04.2005 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Stroke and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Kuźma, E., Lourida, I., Moore, S. F., Levine, D. A., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Llewellyn, D. J. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3061 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19
Kanberg, N., Ashton, N. J., Andersson, L., Yilmaz, A., Lindh, M., Nilsson, S., Price, R. W., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Gisslén, M. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010111 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients
Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Schenck, M., Séverac, F., Clère-Jehl, R., Studer, A., Radosavljevic, M., Kummerlen, C., Monnier, A., et al. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03200-1 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19
Qureshi, A. I., Baskett, W. I., Huang, W., Shyu, D., Myers, D., Raju, M., Lobanova, I., Suri, M. F. K., Naqvi, S. H., French, B. R., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.031786 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Validity of Dementia Diagnoses in the Danish Hospital Registers
Phung, T. K. T., Andersen, B. B., Høgh, P., Kessing, L. V., Mortensen, P. B., & Waldemar, G. (2007) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000107084 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Davis, P. B., Gurney, M. E., & Xu, R. (2021) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12296 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors
Coolen, T., Lolli, V. E., Sadeghi, N., Rovaï, A., Trotta, N., Taccone, F. S., Créteur, J., Henrard, S., Goffard, J., Dewitte, O., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010116 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors
Coolen, T., Lolli, V., Sadeghi, N., Rovaï, A., Trotta, N., Taccone, F. S., Creteur, J., Henrard, S., Goffard, J.-C., De Witte, O., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20090316 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Recommendations for optimal ICD codes to study neurologic conditions
Smith, C., Metcalfe, A., Pringsheim, T. M., Roberts, J. I., Beck, C. A., Hemmelgarn, B. R., McChesney, J., Quan, H., & Jetté, N. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182684707 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Laflamme, N., & Rivest, S. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730309.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients
Hellmuth, J. M., Barnett, T. A., Asken, B. M., Kelly, J. D., Torres, L., Stephens, M. L., Greenhouse, B., Martin, J. N., Chow, F. C., Deeks, S. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-021-00954-4 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Xu, J., Hou, Y., Leverenz, J. B., Kallianpur, A. R., Mehra, R., Liu, Y., Yu, H., Pieper, A. A., Jehi, L. E., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00850-3 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Qureshi, A. I., Chaudhry, S., Sapkota, B. L., Rodriguez, G. J., & Suri, M. F. K. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.032 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19
Beaud, V., Crottaz‐Herbette, S., Dunet, V., Vaucher, J., Bernard‐Valnet, R., Pasquier, R. D., Bart, P., & Clarke, S. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325173 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Natural History of Cognitive Impairment in Critical Illness Survivors. A Systematic Review
Honarmand, K., Lalli, R. S., Priestap, F. A., Chen, J., McIntyre, C. W., Owen, A. M., & Slessarev, M. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201904-0816ci · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Doktorchik, C. T. A., Patten, S. B., Eastwood, C. A., Peng, M., Chen, G., Beck, C. A., Jetté, N., Williamson, T. S., & Quan, H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1990-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Reducing the Stigma Associated with Dementia: Approaches and Goals
Mukadam, N., & Livingston, G. (2012) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.12.42 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 and cardiovascular complications: From molecular mechanisms to pharmaceutical management
Wu, L., O’Kane, A., Hu, P., Bi, Y., Motriuk-Smith, D., & Ren, J. T. (2020) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114114 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Risk factors for dementia after critical illness in elderly medicare beneficiaries
Guerra, C., Linde‐Zwirble, W. T., & Wunsch, H. (2012) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc11901 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Declining prevalence of dementia in the U.S. elderly population.
Manton, K., Gu, X., & Ukraintseva, S. V. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Infection Hospitalization Increases Risk of Dementia in the Elderly*
Tate, J. A., Snitz, B. E., Alvarez, K., Nahin, R. L., Weissfeld, L. A., López, O. L., Angus, D. C., Shah, F. A., Ives, D. G., Fitzpatrick, A. L., et al. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000123 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Girard, T. D., Self, W. H., Edwards, K. M., Grijalva, C. G., Zhu, Y., Williams, D. J., Jain, S., & Jackson, J. C. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4301-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Naik, M., & Nygaard, H. A. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1874 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Codex (Cognitive Disorders Examination) Decision Tree Modified for the Detection of Dementia and MCI
Ziso, B., & Larner, A. J. (2019) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics9020058 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Emergency and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment in Older People
Rizzo, M. R., & Paolisso, G. (2021) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2021.0109 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Laird-Maddox, M., Mitchell, S. B., & Hoffman, M. A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation
Fernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., O’Dea, M. R., Dutton, S., Shamardani, K., Nwangwu, K., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Miskowiak, K. W., Pedersen, J. K., Gunnarsson, D. V., Roikjer, T. K., Podlekareva, D. N., Hansen, H., Dall, C. H., & Johnsen, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.122 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rahmati, M., Yon, D. K., Lee, S. W., Soysal, P., Koyanagi, A., Jacob, L., Li, Y., Park, J. M., Kim, Y. W., Shin, J. I., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28909 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Giussani, G., Westenberg, E., García‐Azorín, D., Bianchi, E., Khan, A. H. K. Y., Allegri, R., Atalar, A. Ç., Baykan, B. B., Crivelli, L., Fornari, A., et al. (2024) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000536352 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shan, D., Wang, C., Crawford, T. J., & Holland, C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05538-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
James, L. M., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2022) · Neuroscience Insights · doi:10.1177/26331055221114817 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Risk of new-onset dementia following COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, Q., Botta, R., Xu, Y., Wei, J. C., & Tung, T. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
COVID-19 infection associated with increased risk of new-onset vascular dementia in adults ≥50 years
Shan, D., Xu, Y., Yang, C., Crawford, T. J., & Holland, C. (2025) · npj Dementia · doi:10.1038/s44400-025-00034-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oh my gut! Is the microbial origin of neurodegenerative diseases real?
Walker, A. C., & Czyż, D. M. (2023) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00437-22 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gaudet, L., Pillay, J., Saba, S., Zakaria, D., Cheta, N., Gardiner, H., Shaver, L. C., Middleton, J., Tan, M. C., Vandermeer, B., et al. (2023) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2204166 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Qureshi, A. I., Baskett, W. I., Bhatti, I. A., Ovbiagele, B., Siddiq, F., Ford, D. E., Gomez, C. R., Hanley, D. F., & Shyu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1543101 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Virale Erkrankungen des Nervensystems – ausgewählte neue und alte Viren
Meyding‐Lamadé, U., & Craemer, E. M. (2023) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-023-01452-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Advocacy and policy in action: Developing a financial and healthcare safety net for nurses
Brennan, N. B., Gallagher, M. A., Elliott, D., Michela, N. J., & Sellers, K. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12805 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Update on COVID-`9/Long Covid 19 how to Reorganize its Research Using AI Framework
Garza-Ulloa, J. (2022) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2022.16.002294 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neurological manifestations in patients with new coronavirus infection COVID-19
Sсherbak, S. G., Голота, А. С., Kamilova, Т. A., Vologzhanin, D. A., & Макаренко, С. В. (2022) · Physical and rehabilitation medicine medical rehabilitation · doi:10.36425/rehab109952 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental health problems raise the odds of cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors
Chakrabarty, M., Chatterjee, P., Mukherjee, A., Das, G. C., Mollah, R. I., Mondal, B., Sardar, S., Basu, A., Ghosh, M., Sengupta, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1370085 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
Chong, Y. F. V., & Tang, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00134-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chancen und Grenzen mathematischer Modelle in der Pandemiebewältigung
Meyer‐Hermann, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65688-4_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Feng, C., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Sheng, A., Li, S., Hu, Y., Yuan, C., Xie, J., & Zong, G. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2661136/v1
Cao, Y., Feng, C., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Sheng, A., Li, S., Hu, Y., Yuan, C., Xie, J., & Zong, G. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.071025
COVID-19 Outbreaks in Co-Morbid Patients: A Pursuit for Biomarkers
Jamil, K., Chaitanya, N., Gade, S., & Asimuddin, M. (2023) · Asian Journal of Emerging Research · doi:10.3923/ajerpk.2023.01.08
Shan, D., Xu, Y., Yang, C., Crawford, T. J., & Holland, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5209476
Anderson, E. A., Anbari, A. B., Baskett, W. I., Hulett, J. M., Narkthong, N., Cheng, A., Armer, N. C., Sun, Y., Shyu, C., & Armer, J. M. (2025) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459251366356
- Authors
- Qureshi, A. I., Baskett, W. I., Huang, W., Naqvi, S. H., & Shyu, C.-R.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Qureshi, Adnan I
- Venue
- Open Forum Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-03-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- ofac115-ofac115
- ISSN
- 2328-8957 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8903511
- OpenAlex
- W4220760193
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Open Forum Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5T32LM012410)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, pneumonia, long COVID, stroke, septic shock, mechanical ventilation, intubation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
