Amount of Time to Eat Lunch Is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetables, and Milk

In the paper

“The overall waste levels seen in this study were similar to those previously founds in studies examining food waste in schools.5,22”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
• Supported

  The Results report food-waste levels among middle school students, making this paper a previous school food-waste study for the citing authors’ comparison. The claim of similarity is the citing authors’ comparison, not a finding attributed to Cohen et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [22] Cohen, 2013, School lunch waste among middle school students: Nutrients consumed and costs, Am J Prev Med source

In the paper

“Consuming food too quickly is associated with adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses to the meal and with decreased perceived satiety post-consumption, which may increase the risk of overweight.14-16”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page not specified in our copy) says faster eating can delay satiety and lead to overeating, and notes rapid eating in obese adolescents. The paper does not report adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses to a meal, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [14] Ford, 2009, Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: Randomised controlled trial, BMJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Galhardo, 2011, Normalizing eating behavior reduces body weight and improves gastrointestinal hormonal secretion in obese adolescents, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
• Partly supported

  In “Effect of Decreasing or Increasing Eating Rate in Linear Eaters” (page not available), the paper reports that faster-eating linear eaters consumed more food without an increase in postmeal satiety ratings. “Additional information” describes problems of weight regulation as a hypothesis still being tested. Our copy does not report adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses or establish that faster eating decreases postmeal satiety. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [16] Ioakimidis, 2009, A method for the control of eating rate: A potential intervention in eating disorders, Behav Res Methods sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“While research suggests that waste levels of school foods have not increased, studies do indicate that there were and still are high levels of food waste in school cafeterias even after implementation of the new school lunch guidelines.5,21”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
• Supported

  The Conclusions report no increase in fruit waste and decreases in vegetable and entrée waste after the new standards. The Introduction reports that another study found 45% of food was thrown away after implementation, while citing prepolicy waste rates of 38–43%. Together, these support the claim that waste did not increase but remained high. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [21] Schwartz, 2015, New school meal regulations increase fruit consumption and do not increase total plate waste, Child Obes source

In the paper

“In a survey of school cafeteria managers, 44% of respondents reported that students did not have enough time to eat, which they felt resulted in increased plate waste.12”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The “Lunch Schedules Affect Plate Waste” section states that 44% of surveyed public school cafeteria managers cited insufficient time to eat as a possible reason for students’ plate waste. The claim preserves that this was the managers’ perception, not a measured effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [12] Guthrie, 2002, Several strategies may lower plate waste in school feeding programs, Food Rev source

In the paper

“Among schools with 30 minute lunch periods, on average 61% of the students had less than 25 minutes of seated time to eat their meals and 9% had under 20 minutes on any given day.”

In the paper

“In the school with the 20 minute lunch period, the majority of students were able to arrive slightly early, but 100% still had less than 25 minutes to eat, and on average 65% of the students had under 20 minutes (17% of students had less than 15 minutes) to consume their meal.”

In the paper

“This study was conducted prior to implementation of the updated school meal standards which requires students to select a fruit or vegetable. Therefore, it is possible that under the new guidelines, the decreases in fruit selection found in this study with less time to eat may no longer be observed.”

In the paper

“Lunch period times and lengths were reported by the schools and verified by research assistants (RAs) on data collection days.”

In the paper

“Consumption was determined using established plate waste study methods collected on randomly selected, non-consecutive days in the fall (n=2 days), winter (n=2 days), and spring (n=2 days) of the 2011-12 school year (n=6 days total).18,19”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Adams, 2005, Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study, J Am Diet Assoc source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Nichols, 2002, Food intake may be determined by plate waste in a retirement living center, J Am Diet Assoc source

In the paper

“Findings from the current study suggests that policies that enable students to have at least 25 minutes of seated time may lead to improvements in students’ diets and decrease plate waste in school cafeterias.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged

  “School policies that encourage lunches with at least 25 minutes of seated time may reduce food waste and improve dietary intake.”

In the paper

“The study days were randomly selected for plate waste measurements without prior knowledge of what was being served.”

In the paper

“An additional limitation is that students’ food preferences were not assessed.”

In the paper

“All analyses adjusted for students’ sex, grade, race/ethnicity, and time of the lunch period (morning [start time of 11am to <12pm], midday [start time of 12:00pm to < 12:30pm], or afternoon [start time of 12:30pm to 1pm]).”

In the paper

“Logistic regression with multi-level modeling was used to examine differences in school meal component selection, accounting for the repeated measures of students nested within schools (SAS PROC GLIMMIX; version 9.4, 2013; SAS Institute, Cary NC).”

In the paper

“However, almost all students in these schools received a school meal, and therefore if this occurred it would have a minimal impact on the study results.”

In the paper

“The participating schools were all located in an urban, low-income primarily Hispanic school district and only elementary and middle schools were involved in this study.”

In the paper

“To examine consumption among students who selected a meal component, mixed-model ANOVA was used, accounting for the repeated measures of students and school as a random effect (students nested within schools), using SAS PROC MIXED.”

In the paper

“This study was also strengthened by the six days of plate waste measurements at each school and the large sample size.”

In the paper

“This study examined aggregate food consumption, but did not differentiate between the types of foods consumed by students (e.g. entrées, fruits, vegetables, or milk).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Bergman, 2004, The relationship between the length of the lunch period and plate waste in the elementary school lunch setting, J Child Nutr Mgt source

In the paper

“A similar study found that longer lunch periods were associated with increased odds of consuming a fruit or vegetable, but the amounts consumed were not assessed.9”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gosliner, 2014, School-level factors associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption among students in California middle and high schools, J Sch Health source

In the paper

“A previous study conducted by Bergman et al. examined lunch period length and found that students with 30 minute lunch periods consume more foods and nutrients than those with 20 minute lunch periods.8”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Bergman, 2004, The relationship between the length of the lunch period and plate waste in the elementary school lunch setting, J Child Nutr Mgt source

In the paper

“Students frequently have lunch periods that are 20 minutes or less, which may lead to an insufficient amount of time to eat.6,7”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] Ross M, Crawford P. Evaluation of the healthy school meals project: Report of findings from ten California districts. Atkins center for weight and health. Prepared for the California endowment. http://cwh.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/primary_pdfs/Healthy_School_Meals_Full_Report_FINAL2_small.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2015.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] Conklin, 2002, How long does it take students to eat lunch? A summary of three studies, J Child Nutr Mgt

In the paper

“Previous research documenting how students spend their time in cafeterias found that students require at least 20 minutes seated at a lunch table to allow for enough time to socialize and consume their foods.7”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] Conklin, 2002, How long does it take students to eat lunch? A summary of three studies, J Child Nutr Mgt

In the paper

“Recently, the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 enhanced the nutritional quality of school meals and set nutrition standards for competitive food sold in schools, which has resulted in improvements in student’s school food selection and consumption.4,5”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [4] 2012, Nutrition standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, Fed Reg
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source

In the paper

“Similarly, surveys of students have found that a high percentage felt rushed at lunch and report insufficient time to eat their meal.13”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [13] Perry Undem Research/Communication. California students’ voices on school meal time: Results from a survey of California middle and high school students. http://cfpa.net/ChildNutrition/ChildNutrition_CFPAPublications/Student%20Meal%20Time-%20Final%20Report-2013.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2015.