The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Amount of Time to Eat Lunch Is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetables, and Milk
Open accessAbstract
Background There are currently no national standards for school lunch period length and little is known about the association between the amount of time students have to eat and school food selection and consumption. Objective Our aim was to examine plate-waste measurements from students in the control arm of the Modifying Eating and Lifestyles at School study (2011 to 2012 school year) to determine the association between amount of time to eat and school meal selection and consumption. Design We used a prospective study design using up to six repeated measures among students during the school year. Participants/setting One thousand and one students in grades 3 to 8 attending six participating elementary and middle schools in an urban, low-income school district where lunch period lengths varied from 20 to 30 minutes were included. Main outcome measures School food selection and consumption were collected using plate-waste methodology. Statistical analyses performed Logistic regression and mixed-model analysis of variance was used to examine food selection and consumption. Results Compared with meal-component selection when students had at least 25 minutes to eat, students were significantly less likely to select a fruit (44% vs 57%; P<0.0001) when they had <20 minutes to eat. There were no significant differences in entrée, milk, or vegetable selections. Among those who selected a meal component, students with <20 minutes to eat consumed 13% less of their entrée (P<0.0001), 10% less of their milk (P<0.0001), and 12% less of their vegetable (P<0.0001) compared with students who had at least 25 minutes to eat. Conclusions During the school year, a substantial number of students had insufficient time to eat, which was associated with significantly decreased entrée, milk, and vegetable consumption compared with students who had more time to eat. School policies that encourage lunches with at least 25 minutes of seated time might reduce food waste and improve dietary intake.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
15 Own result · 7 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Sources not found · 3 Supported so far · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Previous analyses indicate that there were no significant differences in food selection or consumption between students who actively consented and those who did not.5,17”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“However, previous analyses comparing selection and consumption among students with active and passive consents in the MEALS study found no significant differences among these two groups.5,17”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Study design and participants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
- Supportedcites [17] Cohen, 2015, Effects of choice architecture and chef-enhanced meals on the selection and consumption of healthier school foods: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA Pediatr source
The Results report no substantial differences in entrée, fruit, and vegetable selection or in consumption between students with passive and active consent. The Discussion likewise says that differences between the consent groups were not observed. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, selection of fruits were significantly lower when students had between 20 to 24 minutes to eat compared with when students had at least 25 minutes (46.9% vs 57.3%; p<0.0001).”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selection of entrées, vegetables and milk were not associated with the amount of time to eat.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“There were no significant differences in entrée, milk, or vegetable selection.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the same comparison group, when students had fewer than 20 minutes, they consumed significantly less of their vegetables (34.8% vs 46.6%; p<0.0001) and milk (62.3% vs. 72.6%; p<0.0001).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Among those who selected a meal component, students with fewer than 20 minutes to eat consumed 13% less of their entrée (p<0.0001), 10% less of their milk (p<0.0001), and 12% less of their vegetable (p=0.0002) compared to when students had at least 25 minutes to eat.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Students with between 20 to 24 minutes to consume their meal also consumed significantly less of their entrée (70.3% vs. 77.2%; p<0.0001) and vegetable (42.9 % vs. 46.6; p= 0.04) compared with student with at least 25 minutes to eat.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the same comparison group, when students had fewer than 20 minutes, they consumed significantly less of their vegetables (34.8% vs 46.6%; p<0.0001) and milk (62.3% vs. 72.6%; p<0.0001).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Among those who selected a meal component, students with fewer than 20 minutes to eat consumed 13% less of their entrée (p<0.0001), 10% less of their milk (p<0.0001), and 12% less of their vegetable (p=0.0002) compared to when students had at least 25 minutes to eat.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selection of entrées, vegetables and milk were not associated with the amount of time to eat.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“There were no significant differences in entrée, milk, or vegetable selection.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the majority of students did not have this amount of time to eat, even with a 30 minute lunch period.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selection of entrées, vegetables and milk were not associated with the amount of time to eat.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“There were no significant differences in entrée, milk, or vegetable selection.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Students with between 20 to 24 minutes to consume their meal also consumed significantly less of their entrée (70.3% vs. 77.2%; p<0.0001) and vegetable (42.9 % vs. 46.6; p= 0.04) compared with student with at least 25 minutes to eat.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The overall waste levels seen in this study were similar to those previously founds in studies examining food waste in schools.5,22”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
- Supportedcites [22] Cohen, 2013, School lunch waste among middle school students: Nutrients consumed and costs, Am J Prev Med source
The Results report food-waste levels among middle school students, making this paper a previous school food-waste study for the citing authors’ comparison. The claim of similarity is the citing authors’ comparison, not a finding attributed to Cohen et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Consuming food too quickly is associated with adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses to the meal and with decreased perceived satiety post-consumption, which may increase the risk of overweight.14-16”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Ford, 2009, Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: Randomised controlled trial, BMJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not specified in our copy) says faster eating can delay satiety and lead to overeating, and notes rapid eating in obese adolescents. The paper does not report adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses to a meal, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Galhardo, 2011, Normalizing eating behavior reduces body weight and improves gastrointestinal hormonal secretion in obese adolescents, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Partly supportedcites [16] Ioakimidis, 2009, A method for the control of eating rate: A potential intervention in eating disorders, Behav Res Methods sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Effect of Decreasing or Increasing Eating Rate in Linear Eaters” (page not available), the paper reports that faster-eating linear eaters consumed more food without an increase in postmeal satiety ratings. “Additional information” describes problems of weight regulation as a hypothesis still being tested. Our copy does not report adverse gastrointestinal hormone responses or establish that faster eating decreases postmeal satiety. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“While research suggests that waste levels of school foods have not increased, studies do indicate that there were and still are high levels of food waste in school cafeterias even after implementation of the new school lunch guidelines.5,21”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
- Supportedcites [21] Schwartz, 2015, New school meal regulations increase fruit consumption and do not increase total plate waste, Child Obes source
The Conclusions report no increase in fruit waste and decreases in vegetable and entrée waste after the new standards. The Introduction reports that another study found 45% of food was thrown away after implementation, while citing prepolicy waste rates of 38–43%. Together, these support the claim that waste did not increase but remained high. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a survey of school cafeteria managers, 44% of respondents reported that students did not have enough time to eat, which they felt resulted in increased plate waste.12”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Guthrie, 2002, Several strategies may lower plate waste in school feeding programs, Food Rev source
The “Lunch Schedules Affect Plate Waste” section states that 44% of surveyed public school cafeteria managers cited insufficient time to eat as a possible reason for students’ plate waste. The claim preserves that this was the managers’ perception, not a measured effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among schools with 30 minute lunch periods, on average 61% of the students had less than 25 minutes of seated time to eat their meals and 9% had under 20 minutes on any given day.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the school with the 20 minute lunch period, the majority of students were able to arrive slightly early, but 100% still had less than 25 minutes to eat, and on average 65% of the students had under 20 minutes (17% of students had less than 15 minutes) to consume their meal.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was conducted prior to implementation of the updated school meal standards which requires students to select a fruit or vegetable. Therefore, it is possible that under the new guidelines, the decreases in fruit selection found in this study with less time to eat may no longer be observed.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The updated school meal standards require students to select a fruit or vegetable.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lunch period times and lengths were reported by the schools and verified by research assistants (RAs) on data collection days.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Data Collection Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Consumption was determined using established plate waste study methods collected on randomly selected, non-consecutive days in the fall (n=2 days), winter (n=2 days), and spring (n=2 days) of the 2011-12 school year (n=6 days total).18,19”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Data Collection Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Adams, 2005, Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study, J Am Diet Assoc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Nichols, 2002, Food intake may be determined by plate waste in a retirement living center, J Am Diet Assoc source
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from the current study suggests that policies that enable students to have at least 25 minutes of seated time may lead to improvements in students’ diets and decrease plate waste in school cafeterias.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“School policies that encourage lunches with at least 25 minutes of seated time may reduce food waste and improve dietary intake.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The observed association between seated time to eat and food consumption reflects a causal effect of time, such that increasing seated time would improve consumption.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study days were randomly selected for plate waste measurements without prior knowledge of what was being served.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Data Collection Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional limitation is that students’ food preferences were not assessed.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses adjusted for students’ sex, grade, race/ethnicity, and time of the lunch period (morning [start time of 11am to <12pm], midday [start time of 12:00pm to < 12:30pm], or afternoon [start time of 12:30pm to 1pm]).”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression with multi-level modeling was used to examine differences in school meal component selection, accounting for the repeated measures of students nested within schools (SAS PROC GLIMMIX; version 9.4, 2013; SAS Institute, Cary NC).”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, almost all students in these schools received a school meal, and therefore if this occurred it would have a minimal impact on the study results.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Almost all students in the participating schools received a school meal.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participating schools were all located in an urban, low-income primarily Hispanic school district and only elementary and middle schools were involved in this study.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To examine consumption among students who selected a meal component, mixed-model ANOVA was used, accounting for the repeated measures of students and school as a random effect (students nested within schools), using SAS PROC MIXED.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was also strengthened by the six days of plate waste measurements at each school and the large sample size.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study examined aggregate food consumption, but did not differentiate between the types of foods consumed by students (e.g. entrées, fruits, vegetables, or milk).”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Bergman, 2004, The relationship between the length of the lunch period and plate waste in the elementary school lunch setting, J Child Nutr Mgt source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A similar study found that longer lunch periods were associated with increased odds of consuming a fruit or vegetable, but the amounts consumed were not assessed.9”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gosliner, 2014, School-level factors associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption among students in California middle and high schools, J Sch Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A previous study conducted by Bergman et al. examined lunch period length and found that students with 30 minute lunch periods consume more foods and nutrients than those with 20 minute lunch periods.8”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Bergman, 2004, The relationship between the length of the lunch period and plate waste in the elementary school lunch setting, J Child Nutr Mgt source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Students frequently have lunch periods that are 20 minutes or less, which may lead to an insufficient amount of time to eat.6,7”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Ross M, Crawford P. Evaluation of the healthy school meals project: Report of findings from ten California districts. Atkins center for weight and health. Prepared for the California endowment. http://cwh.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/primary_pdfs/Healthy_School_Meals_Full_Report_FINAL2_small.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7] Conklin, 2002, How long does it take students to eat lunch? A summary of three studies, J Child Nutr Mgt
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research documenting how students spend their time in cafeterias found that students require at least 20 minutes seated at a lunch table to allow for enough time to socialize and consume their foods.7”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Conklin, 2002, How long does it take students to eat lunch? A summary of three studies, J Child Nutr Mgt
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 enhanced the nutritional quality of school meals and set nutrition standards for competitive food sold in schools, which has resulted in improvements in student’s school food selection and consumption.4,5”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 2012, Nutrition standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, Fed Reg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Cohen, 2014, Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste, Am J Prev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, surveys of students have found that a high percentage felt rushed at lunch and report insufficient time to eat their meal.13”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] Perry Undem Research/Communication. California students’ voices on school meal time: Results from a survey of California middle and high school students. http://cfpa.net/ChildNutrition/ChildNutrition_CFPAPublications/Student%20Meal%20Time-%20Final%20Report-2013.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to examine the association between the amount of time students have to eat and school food selection and consumption.
“To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the association between the amount of time students have to eat on school food selection and consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current national standards do not address lunch period length.
“However, current national standards do not address lunch period length, which may result in many students having insufficient time to eat their meals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed association between seated time to eat and food consumption reflects a causal effect of time, such that increasing seated time would improve consumption.
“Findings from the current study suggests that policies that enable students to have at least 25 minutes of seated time may lead to improvements in students’ diets and decrease plate waste in school cafeterias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Almost all students in the participating schools received a school meal.
“However, almost all students in these schools received a school meal, and therefore if this occurred it would have a minimal impact on the study results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The updated school meal standards require students to select a fruit or vegetable.
“This study was conducted prior to implementation of the updated school meal standards which requires students to select a fruit or vegetable.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > Abstract > Results
“12% less of their vegetable (p=0.0002) compared to when students had at least 25 minutes to eat.”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > RESULTS
“when students had fewer than 20 minutes, they consumed significantly less of their vegetables (34.8% vs 46.6%; p<0.0001)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Study design and participants
“The majority of the students attending these schools were eligible for free or reduced-price meals (range 88 - 94%)”
§ The Amount of Time to Eat Lunch is Associated with Children’s Selection and Consumption of School Meal Entrée, Fruits, Vegetable, and Milk > METHODS > Study design and participants
“Approximately 85% of the students in the participating schools were eligible for free or reduced-priced meals.”
Citations
Cites
School Food Environments and Practices Affect Dietary Behaviors of US Public School Children
BRIEFEL, R. R., Crepinsek, M. K., Cabili, C., Wilson, A., & Gleason, P. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.059 · Cited by 453 · cited 1×
“Many children from low-income families rely on school meals for nearly half of their daily energy intake.(2) Therefore, policies that improve the school food environment can have important public health implications in addressing the growing socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of obesity and in improving the o…”
Increasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity
Frederick, C. B., Snellman, K., & Putnam, R. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321355110 · Cited by 325 · cited 1×
“Therefore, policies that improve the school food environment can have important public health implications in addressing the growing socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of obesity and in improving the overall nutrient quality of children’s diets.(3) Recently, the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 enhanced t…”
Cohen, J. F. W., Richardson, S., Parker, E., Catalano, P. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.013 · Cited by 249 · cited 5×
“Recently, the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 enhanced the nutritional quality of school meals and set nutrition standards for competitive food sold in schools, which has resulted in improvements in student’s school food selection and consumption.(4,5) However, current national standards do not address lunch peri…”
InfluentialSelf-citationNew school meal regulations increase fruit consumption and do not increase total plate waste
Schwartz, M. B., Henderson, K. E., Read, M., Danna, N., & Ickovics, J. R. (2015) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2015.0019 · Cited by 224 · cited 1×
“Although research suggests that waste levels of school foods have not increased, studies do indicate that there were and still are high levels of food waste in school cafeterias, even after implementation of the new school lunch guidelines.(5,21) The RE CT”
Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: Randomised controlled trial
Ford, A. L., Bergh, C., Sodersten, P., Sabin, M. A., Hollinghurst, S., Hunt, L. P., & Shield, J. P. H. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b5388 · Cited by 214
School Lunch Waste Among Middle School Students
Cohen, J. F. W., Richardson, S., Austin, S. B., Economos, C. D., & Rimm, E. B. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.060 · Cited by 180
Self-citationNutrition standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. Final rule.
(2012) · PubMed · Cited by 179
Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study
Adams, M. A., Pelletier, R. L., Zive, M. M., & Sallis, J. F. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.08.013 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“Consumption was determined using established platewaste study methods collected on randomly selected, nonconsecutive days in the fall (n1⁄42 days), winter (n1⁄42 days), and spring (n1⁄42 days) of the 2011 to 2012 school year (n1⁄46 days total).(18,19) The study days were randomly selected for plate-waste measurements…”
Cohen, J. F. W., Richardson, S. A., Cluggish, S. A., Parker, E., Catalano, P. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2015) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3805 · Cited by 123 · cited 3×
“Chan School of Public Health to improve the selection and consumption of healthier school foods using a chef-based model and/or choice architecture (ie, environmental modifications to “nudge” consumers toward healthier options).(17) The present study focuses on the six control schools with set lunch-period times (ie,…”
Self-citationGalhardo, J., Hunt, L. P., Lightman, S. L., Sabin, M. A., Bergh, C., Sodersten, P., & Shield, J. P. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1999 · Cited by 89
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Conklin, 2002, How long does it take students to eat lunch? A summary of three studies, J Child Nutr Mgt, 26
- Bergman, 2004, The relationship between the length of the lunch period and plate waste in the elementary school lunch setting, J Child Nutr Mgt, 28
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hoffman, J. A., & Miller, E. A. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.365 · Cited by 248
“, 30 minutes)would allow children to have more time to get their meal, sit down, and ultimately eat more food at lunch (Cohen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOostindjer, M., Aschemann‐Witzel, J., Wang, Q., Skuland, S. E., Egelandsdal, B., Amdam, G. V., Schjøll, A., Pachucki, M. C., Rozin, P. N., Stein, J., et al. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1197180 · Cited by 288
“ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 obesity rates (Capacci et al., 2012; Chriqui et al., 2014; Jaime and Lock, 2009; Harper and Wells, 2007).”
Lorenz, B. A.-S., Hartmann, M., & Langen, N. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.014 · Cited by 133
“persons and that the university cafeteria in general is very full during lunchtime. This changes the meaning of the question ‘whether a person had lunch on his/her own’ towards the question ‘whether a person had lunch sitting next to people he/she is familiar with or not’. Although Clendenen, Herman, & Polivy (1994) s…”
InfluentialConrad, Z., & Blackstone, N. T. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa035 · Cited by 104
Strategies to Improve School Meal Consumption: A Systematic Review
Cohen, J. F. W., Hecht, A. A., Hager, E. R., Turner, L., Burkholder, K., & Schwartz, M. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103520 · Cited by 90
“2016 [19] MA; 6 elementary and middle schools (1,001 students in grades 3-8) QE: Post-only (with comparison group) 2011-12 Lunch Duration: The times”
BackgroundSelf-citationA systematic review of school meal nudge interventions to improve youth food behaviors
Metcalfe, J. J., Ellison, B., Hamdi, N., Richardson, R., & Prescott, M. P. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00983-y · Cited by 85
“Furthermore, school meal research generally does not take the influence of other important system factors, like the time available to eat [21], menu [22], or day of the week [23], into account when evaluating behavioral nudges.”
BackgroundWhy the waste? A large-scale study on the causes of food waste at school canteens
Boschini, M., Falasconi, L., Cicatiello, C., & Franco, S. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118994 · Cited by 107
Lorenz, B. A.-S., & Langen, N. (2017) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12392 · Cited by 71
Niaki, S. F., Moore, C. E., Chen, T. A., & Cullen, K. W. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.08.005 · Cited by 67
Zhao, C., Panizza, C. E., Fox, K. A. A., Boushey, C. J., Shanks, C. B., Ahmed, S., Chen, S., Serrano, E. L., Zee, J., Fialkowski, M. K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.590 · Cited by 66
“Note: Quotations were edited by the authors to correct grammar. also found that school policy influ-enced plate waste in the NSLP. 24 − 27 Cohen et al 20 reported that students who had < 20 minutes to eat lunch consumed 12% less of their entr (cid:1) ees, milk, and vegetables than did students who…”
BackgroundLorenz, B. A.-S., Langen, N., Göbel, C., Engelmann, T., Bienge, K., Speck, M. E.-M., & Teitscheid, P. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.026 · Cited by 55
From evaluation to action: Testing nudging strategies to prevent food waste in school canteens
Vidal-Monés, B., Díaz-Ruiz, R., & Roig, J. M. G. (2022) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.006 · Cited by 45
Piras, S., Righi, S., Banchelli, F., Giordano, C., & Setti, M. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135461 · Cited by 58
Hayes, D., Contento, I. R., & Weekly, C. (2018) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.03.005 · Cited by 42
“have enough time to enjoy all the food on their tray.(17) Experts suggest that policies encouraging lunches with at least 25 minutes of seated time may reduce food waste and improve dietary intake.”
BackgroundMa, L., Huang, L., Liu, Q., Xu, S., Wen, Z., Qin, S., Li, T., & Feng, Y. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.005 · Cited by 40
Turner, L. R., Guthrie, J. F., & Ralston, K. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz090 · Cited by 39
Hayes, D., Contento, I. R., & Weekly, C. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.03.001 · Cited by 38
Food, nutrient, and energy waste among school students
Kowalewska, M., & Kołłajtis-Dołowy, A. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-11-2017-0611 · Cited by 32
Nutritional quality of lunch meals and plate waste in school lunch programme in Southern Thailand
Petchoo, J., Kaewchutima, N., & Tangsuphoom, N. (2022) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2022.31 · Cited by 36
“It was shown that poor food quality or presentation, as well as inappropriate lunch time and too-short lunch break period could be the causes of plate waste in schools((32,33)).”
BackgroundFactors Associated with School Lunch Consumption: Reverse Recess and School “Brunch”
Chapman, L. E., Cohen, J., Canterberry, M., & Carton, T. W. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.016 · Cited by 31
Self-citationBurg, X., Metcalfe, J. J., Ellison, B., & Prescott, M. P. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14148 · Cited by 32
Elnakib, S., Quick, V., Mendez, M., Downs, S., Wackowski, O. A., & Robson, M. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126389 · Cited by 27
Food plate waste: factors influencing insinuated intention in a university food service setting
Zhao, X., & Manning, L. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2018-0481 · Cited by 26
“Time spent eating a 127 meal correlates with the amount of food waste as when students’ meal times are limited to less 128 than 20 minutes, they waste more food than they waste when they have five minutes more to 129 eat (Cohen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundExamining Nutrition and Food Waste Trade-offs Using an Obesity Prevention Context
Ellison, B., & Prescott, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2020.11.005 · Cited by 28
Burton, M., Wood, J. M., Booth, A. O., Worsley, A., Larsson, C., & Margerison, C. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105817 · Cited by 23
Vardopoulos, I., Abeliotis, K., & Lasaridi, K. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17010103 · Cited by 23
Merlo, C. L., Smarsh, B. L., & Xiao, X. (2023) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13365 · Cited by 33
Parent Perceptions of School Meals Influence Student Participation in School Meal Programs
Zuercher, M. D., Cohen, J. F. W., Hecht, C., Hecht, K., Orta‐Aleman, D., Patel, A. I., Olarte, D. A., Chapman, L. E., Read, M., Schwartz, M. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2024.01.003 · Cited by 30
Self-citationDocumented Success and Future Potential of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
Cohen, J. F. W., & Schwartz, M. B. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.10.021 · Cited by 22
“Research suggests that when lunch periods are at least 30 minutes long there is significantly less food waste.(34) In addition, to ensure students are not spending their lunch period in line, schools can increase the number of”
BackgroundSelf-citationParent perceptions of school meals and how perceptions differ by race and ethnicity
Zuercher, M. D., Cohen, J. F. W., Ohri‐Vachaspati, P., Hecht, C., Hecht, K., Polacsek, M., Olarte, D. A., Read, M., Patel, A. I., Schwartz, M. B., et al. (2024) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxad092 · Cited by 20
“65 Consistent with other studies, we found that Black students had the highest rate of school lunch participation.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationTurner, L. R., & Calvert, H. G. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.02.006 · Cited by 20
School Lunch Environmental Factors Impacting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Ang, I. Y. H., Wolf, R. L., Koch, P. A., Gray, H. L., Trent, R., Tipton, E., & Contento, I. R. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.08.012 · Cited by 20
Plate Waste in School Catering in Rezekne, Latvia
Lonska, J., Zvaigzne, A., Kotāne, I., Silicka, I., Litavniece, L., Kodors, S., Dekšne, J., & Vonoga, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074046 · Cited by 21
Graziose, M. M., & Ang, I. (2018) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd15.170373 · Cited by 18
“…et al, 2009 (28) 779 1 K–4 QE Digital photography Sliced fruit + NA NA Cullen et al, 2004 (43) 852 5 4–5 Cohort Food records Access to á la carte foods − − NA Cohen et al, 2016 (41) 1,001 8 3–8 Cohort Weighed plate waste Length of lunch period (20 min vs 20–24 min vs >25 min) + NA Cohen…”
Relationship Between Plate Waste and Food Preferences Among Primary School Students Aged 7–10 Years
Ilić, A., Bituh, M., Brečić, R., & Barić, I. C. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2022.04.003 · Cited by 18
State Laws Are Associated with School Lunch Duration and Promotion Practices
Turner, L., Leider, J., Piekarz-Porter, E., Schwartz, M. B., Merlo, C., Brener, N., & Chriqui, J. F. (2018) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.116 · Cited by 18
“The advocacy position in favor of providing students at least 20 minutes for lunch is supported by research showing that elementary and middle school students consume significantly less of their milk, entrées, and vegetables when provided fewer than 20 minutes for lunch.(16,17) Furthermore, elementary students consume…”
Behavioral Economic Approaches to Influencing Children’s Dietary Decision Making at School
Madden, G. J., Price, J., & Sosa, F. A. (2016) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732216683517 · Cited by 17
“In one study, when children had <20 min to eat lunch, they consumed 12% fewer vegetables than children who had at least 25 min to eat (Cohen et al., 2016); the schedule change had no effect on fruit consumption.”
BackgroundObjective measures of eating behaviour in a Swedish high school
Langlet, B. S., Anvret, A., Maramis, C., Moulos, I., Papapanagiotou, V., Diou, C., Lekka, I., Heimeier, R. A., Delopoulos, A. N., & Ioakimidis, I. (2017) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2017.1322146 · Cited by 16
“A similar conclusion has been recently reported concerning food choices during school lunch, linking longer school lunch durations to healthier food choices (Cohen et al. 2016).”
ResultGross, S. M., Biehl, E., Marshall, B. D., Paige, D. M., & Mmari, K. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.07.002 · Cited by 17
Kodors, S., Zvaigzne, A., Litavniece, L., Lonska, J., Silicka, I., Kotāne, I., & Dekšne, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030587 · Cited by 15
“This duration is longer than our previously proposed lunch duration (15 min) based on smaller data amount [26], which is more consistent with the durations found by Cohen et al. [32] and Hamdi et al. [33], 20 min and 17/18 min, respectively.”
MethodMathias, K. C., Jacquier, E. F., & Eldridge, A. L. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.021 · Cited by 15
Selection and consumption of lunches by National School Lunch Program participants
Peckham, J. G., Kropp, J. D., Mroz, T. A., Haley‐Zitlin, V., & Granberg, E. M. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.033 · Cited by 15
Taylor, J., Sutter, C., Ontai, L., Nishina, A., & Zidenberg‐Cherr, S. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001900017x · Cited by 15
“as a proxy for socio-economic status) or other school characteristics beyond the scope of the present study but explored in other research, such as time available to eat((36,43,44)) or student–teacher relationships at lunchtime((45)).”
BackgroundNanayakkara, J., Margerison, C., Booth, A., Worsley, A. F., & Aydin, G. (2024) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.842 · Cited by 14
Food choices and service evaluation under time constraints: the school lunch environment
Sharma, A., Moon, J., Bailey-Davis, L. D., & Conklin, M. T. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-06-2015-0269 · Cited by 18
A Systems Examination of Food Packaging and Other Single-Use Item Waste in School Nutrition Programs
Palmer, S., Herritt, C., Cunningham-Sabo, L. D., Stylianou, K. S., & Prescott, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2021.01.009 · Cited by 15
Micronutrients and Nutrition Status of School-Aged Children in Indonesia
Ernawati, F., Efriwati, E., Nurjanah, N., Aji, G. K., Tjandrarini, D. H., Widodo, Y., Retiaty, F., Prihatini, M., Arifin, A. Y., Sundari, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2023/4610038 · Cited by 13
“Having ≥20minutes of lunch is related to considerable consumption of grains, meats, milk, and vegetables [60].”
BackgroundMcLoughlin, G. M., Massey, W. V., Lane, H., Calvert, H. G., Turner, L. R., & Hager, E. R. (2020) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896920959359 · Cited by 14
“Finally, research shows a clear and undisputed need for adequate time for children to eat lunch (Cohen et al., 2015, 2016); thus, scheduling at least 20 minutes for sitting lunch time should be a priority for school administration as a means of enhancing nutritional behaviour in students.”
BackgroundLee, K. (2019) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2019.13.6.555 · Cited by 12
“[27] reported that students at schools with mealtime of less than 20 minutes ate entrées 13% less, milk 10% less, and vegetables 12% less than those with mealtime durations of more than 25 minutes.”
BackgroundSchupp, C., Getts, K., & Otten, J. J. (2018) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2018.081.013 · Cited by 12
Piochi, M., Buonocore, F., Spampani, F., & Torri, L. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104488 · Cited by 13
Understanding the Effect of Dining and Motivational Factors on Out-Of-Home Consumer Food Waste
Goodman-Smith, F., Mirosa, R., & Mirosa, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166507 · Cited by 14
Assess, Identify, Make it Happen (AIM) for Preschools: A Tool to Decrease Early Childhood Obesity
Farewell, C. V., Puma, J. E., Powers, J. N., & Belansky, E. S. (2017) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839917746677 · Cited by 11
Machado, S. S., Ritchie, L. D., Thompson, H. R., & Madsen, K. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165987 · Cited by 10
“[14] Gains in participation could also differentially improve fruit and vegetable consumption since NSLP lunches tend to have more fruits and vegetables than lunches brought from elsewhere, and students who participate in the NSLP consume more fruits and vegetables than those who do not [6,7].”
BackgroundHecht, A. A., Dunn, C. G., Kinsey, E. W., Read, M. A., Levi, R., Richardson, A. S., Hager, E. R., & Seligman, H. K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071387 · Cited by 10
“Other evidencebased policies that improve meal consumption include ensuring students have enough seated time during lunch and offering recess before lunch [42,43].”
BackgroundMachado, S. S., Ritchie, L. D., Thompson, H. R., Reed, A. L., Ibarra-Castro, A., Neelon, M., & Madsen, K. A. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.01.013 · Cited by 10
Parent Perceptions and Opinions of Universal Free School Meals in Arizona
Martinelli, S., Melnick, E. M., Acciai, F., Thomas, A. S., & Ohri‐Vachaspati, P. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16020213 · Cited by 9
Rose, K., O’Malley, C., Brown, L., et al. (2021) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12496 · Cited by 9
“There is limited evidence on the optimal time for school lunches, although, in a study measuring the relationship of time to food and dietary intake, young people were more likely to consume more vegetables when given at least 25 minutes of sitting time (Cohen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOlarte, D. A., Stock, M., Sutton, M., Scott, M. D., Koch, P. A., Gustus, S. K., & Cohen, J. F. W. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.12.002 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMingay, E., Hart, M., Yoong, S., Palazzi, K. L., D’Arcy, E., Pursey, K., & Hure, A. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173640 · Cited by 14
“This allows more time to sit and eat lunch, which has been shown to improve consumption of fruit, vegetables, entrees and milk, and therefore reduced waste [138,139].”
BackgroundYon, B. A., Amin, S. A., Taylor, J., & Johnson, R. K. (2016) · The Journal of Child Nutrition & Management · Cited by 8
Taylor, J., Sutter, C., Ontai, L., Nishina, A., & Zidenberg‐Cherr, S. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.037 · Cited by 9
Graziose, M. M., Koch, P., Wolf, R., Gray, H., Trent, R., & Contento, I. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.026 · Cited by 11
Orta‐Aleman, D., Zuercher, M. D., Hecht, C., Hecht, K., Poudel, I., Olarte, D. A., Patel, A. I., Polacsek, M., Ritchie, L. D., Cohen, J. F. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.11.002 · Cited by 11
Self-citationDelaney, T. M., Jackson, J. K., Lecathelinais, C., et al. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106528 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, students typically have only a small amount of time to eat during recess breaks (e.g. ~15 min) and are expected to pack or purchase foods that can be consumed within this period (Cohen et al., 2016).”
Madden, G. J., Price, J., & Wengreen, H. J. (2018) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96920-6_4 · Cited by 8
Cohen, J. F. W., Scott, M. D., Sutton, M., Cueva, K., Shonkoff, E. T., Goldman, R. E., Margolis, D. N., Potempa, A. E., Fink, K., Gustus, S. K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.010 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCalvert, H. G., Ohri-Vachaspati, P., McQuilkin, M., Boedeker, P., & Turner, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168558 · Cited by 8
“This is suboptimal, as research has shown that, compared to having 25 min for lunch, students consume significantly less of their entrée, milk, and vegetable selections when they have fewer than 20 min to eat [19].”
MethodResultPetruzzelli, M., Iori, E., Ihle, R., & Vittuari, M. (2025) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102784 · Cited by 8
Chapman, L. E., Gosliner, W. A., Schwartz, M. B., Zuercher, M. D., Ritchie, L. D., Orta‐Aleman, D., Hecht, C., Hecht, K., Polacsek, M., Patel, A. I., et al. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70004 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBuscemi, J., Odoms‐Young, A. M., Yaroch, A. L., Hayman, L. L., Loiacono, B., Herman, A., & Fitzgibbon, M. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby040 · Cited by 7
The US National School Lunch Program: A Brief Overview
Izumi, B., Bersamin, A., Shanks, C., Grether-Sweeney, G., & Murimi, M. (2018) · The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.76.s126 · Cited by 6
Dekšne, J., Lonska, J., Kodors, S., Litavniece, L., Zvaigzne, A., Silicka, I., & Kotāne, I. (2025) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources14040059 · Cited by 11
“This variation in schedules might be the main reason for the students’ satisfaction, as their wishes and needs were very individual and depended on several factors [33,36].”
Who Cleans the Plate? Quantity and Type of Food Waste in 78 Primary Schools’ Canteens in Italy
Falasconi, L., Boschini, M., Giordano, C., Cicatiello, C., Alboni, F., Nassivera, F., Troiano, S., Marangon, F., Segrè, A., & Franco, S. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17177836 · Cited by 6
Social and Health Risk Factor Levels of Preschool Children Living Along the Texas‐Mexico Border
Treviño‐Peña, R., Wang, X., Wang, L., Romero, Z., Alanis, E., & Li, H. (2020) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12979 · Cited by 7
School Lunch Consumption Among 3 Food Service Providers in New Orleans.
Canterberry, M., Francois, S., van Hattum, T., Rudov, L., & Carton, T. W. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12584 · Cited by 5
School Nutrition Stakeholders Find Utility in MealSim: An Agent-Based Model
Palmer, S., Ciubotariu, I., Ofori, R. O., Saenz, M. A. R., Ellison, B., & Prescott, M. P. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2024.02.008 · Cited by 5
“Although there are studies demonstrating the link between seated lunchtime and consumption, 30,31 there is limited evidence on the factors influencing the amount of time that students spend in line, making it difficult to incorporate this into MealSim .”
BackgroundLove, D. C., Conrad, Z., Altema-Johnson, D., Ramsing, R., Bassarab, K., Thorne‐Lyman, A., Williams, D. L., Moore, E. R. H., Nussbaumer, E. M., & Anderson, P. T. (2025) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2025.04.006 · Cited by 8
School‐Level Practices and Perceptions Associated With Salad Bars in Schools
Bruening, M. M., Adams, M. A., Ohri‐Vachaspati, P., & Hurley, J. C. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12624 · Cited by 5
Knowledge-Based Recommendation System for Plate Waste Reduction in Latvian Schools
Kodors, S., Lonska, J., Zarembo, I., Zvaigzne, A., Apeināns, I., & Dekšne, J. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16198446 · Cited by 6
Chapman, L. E., Gosliner, W. A., Olarte, D. A., Zuercher, M. D., Ritchie, L. D., Orta‐Aleman, D., Schwartz, M. B., Polacsek, M., Hecht, C., Hecht, K., et al. (2025) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980024002349 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBeing well-fed in universal school lunches in Canada: avoiding a one-size-fits-all approach
Michnik, K., & Engler‐Stringer, R. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf012 · Cited by 7
“Like this study, other studies have shown school meal length to be an important factor in supporting student nutrition and wellbeing but is often too short, limited by busy school schedules and competing educational priorities (Cohen et al. 2016).”
Soloveva, M. V., Barnett, A. H., Mellecker, R. R., Sit, C. H. P., Lai, P., Zhang, C. J. P., Sallis, J. F., & Cerin, E. (2025) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103472 · Cited by 3
A randomized control trial of a Canadian-based school food program on the home food environment
Reagan, R., Woodruff, S. J., Seabrook, J. A., & Gilliland, J. (2022) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac087 · Cited by 3
Sandwich or long lunch? Lack of time and attendance of food outlets by French workers
Massey, C., Brémaud, D., & Saulais, L. (2021) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-05-2020-0084 · Cited by 3
Ofori, R. O. (2025) · Global Smart Food Systems · doi:10.1108/gsfs-04-2025-0007 · Cited by 2
Jaworski, M., & Chojnowska, E. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18060885 · Cited by 2
Food waste recycling through co-design: Motivating youth behaviour change
Choi, Y. J., & Lee, C. H. (2025) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2025.2573717 · Cited by 2
“In addition to regulatory constraints, schools face operational challenges in managing food procurement, preparation, and service, often within compressed lunch periods as short as 20 min (Cohen et al. 2016; USDA 2016).”
Communication Strategies to Improve Healthy Food Consumption among Schoolchildren: Focus on Milk
Gennaro, L., Durazzo, A., Canani, S. B., Maccati, F., & Lupotto, E. (2017) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages3030032 · Cited by 2
“[60] studied the association between the amount of time students (aged 8.”
BackgroundLee, K.-E., & Choi, J. (2019) · Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life · doi:10.17495/easdl.2019.10.29.5.408 · Cited by 2
Choi, J., & Lee, K. (2019) · 대한지역사회영양학회지 · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.5.422 · Cited by 2
“3% 학생들이 과일을 선택 하였고, 식사시간이 20분 미만인 학교 학생들은 식사시간이 25분 이상인 학교 학생에 비해 주요리는 13% 더 적게 섭취 하고, 우유는 10% 더 적게, 채소요리는 12% 더 적게 섭취 한 것으로 보고되었다[27].”
Grummon, A. H., Zeitlin, A. B., Lee, C. J. Y., Hecht, C., Patel, A. I., Hecht, K., & Pedroza-Tobías, A. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.108232 · Cited by 1
Dietary intake and eating behaviors by weight status among rural preschool children: NQ-P analysis
Park, J.-S., Lee, H., An, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2026.59.1.63 · Cited by 1
Children’s insights into nutritional culture and habits in Abu Dhabi
Menon, P., Abdulazeez, M. U., Alnuaimi, M., Alnaaimi, M. H., Alzaabi, O. M., Almeqbaali, S. H., Aljneibi, D. M., Altamimi, S. F., Alsaedi, F. S., Alshehhi, H. A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1746039 · Cited by 1
“A longer school lunch period has been suggested by previous studies that observed an increase in school lunch time resulted in increased consumption of fruits and vegetables by school-children (33, 50).”
Rettore, C., Lima, L. L., Puga‐Gonzalez, I., Pini, F., Szwed, P., Antosz, P., & Vittuari, M. (2026) · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.clrc.2026.100435 · Cited by 1
Partnerships to Improve Child Diet Quality and Reduce Food Waste in School Nutrition Program
Hamdi, N., Metcalfe, J. J., & Prescott, M. P. (2024) · Food and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63673-8_7 · Cited by 1
Schier, H. E., & Gunther, C. W. (2024) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2024.141.023 · Cited by 1
Comprehensive Farm-to-School: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of the Classroom, Cafeteria, and Community
Elkin, S. (2019) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) · Cited by 1
SIMULATION OF A SCHOOL CANTEEN TO UNDERSTAND MEAL DURATION IMPACT ON FOOD WASTE
Kodors, S., Zhukov, V., Zarembo, I., et al. (2021) · Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference · doi:10.17770/etr2021vol2.6588 · Cited by 1
Preschool food waste and nutrition behavior
Milodragovich, A. M. (2017) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, J. F. W., Jahn, J. L., Richardson, S., Cluggish, S. A., Parker, E., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Juliana F.W.
- Venue
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-128
- ISSN
- 2212-2672 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4698073
- OpenAlex
- W1451987894
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 9.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R25CA098566)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- school meals, food choice, dietary intake, plate waste, entrees, fruits, vegetables, milk, children, school nutrition policy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Child, Diet, Eating, Ethnicity, Female, Food Preferences, Food Services, Fruit, Humans, Male, Milk, Prospective Studies, Schools, Students, Time Factors, Vegetables, Lunch
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
