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Cited by 178Diet, Metabolism, and DiseaseObesity, Physical Activity, DietNutritional Studies and Diet

Added Sugars Intake Across the Distribution of US Children and Adult Consumers: 1977-2012

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Powell, Elyse S., Smith-Taillie, Lindsey P., Popkin, Barry M.·2016·Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.003PMC PMC5039079
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Abstract

Background Public health organizations in the United States have recently increased focus on reducing population consumption of added sugars.Objective The objective of this study is to provide in-depth information on national trends in added sugars consumption and to examine both the mean and distribution of added sugars intake from 1977 to 2012.Design We conducted a descriptive study using six cross-sectional nationally representative surveys of food intake in the United States: the 1977-1978 National Food Consumption Survey (n=29,668), the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (n=14,827), the 1994-1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (n=19,027), the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; n=8,273), the 2009-2010 NHANES (n=9,042), and the 2011-2012 NHANES (n=16,451).Statistical analysis We examined the key dependent variables, calories from added sugars and percentage of total energy intake from added sugars, at the mean and by quintiles of added sugars consumption for children (2 to 18 years) and adults (19 years and older) across the survey years. We also examined trends in added sugars intakes from foods and beverages. We used ordinary least squares regression to examine linear trends between survey years and multinomial logistic regressions to examine sociodemographic characteristics by quintile of added sugars consumption. We adjusted estimates by race, income, sex, and education.Results The US mean adjusted intake of added sugars remains high. In 2011-2012, children and adults consumed 326 kcal/day and 308 kcal/day, respectively, of added sugars, or 14% and 17%, respectively, of total their energy. For both children and adults, there was a considerable increase in calories from added sugars from 1977 to 2003, followed by a substantial decline from 2003 to 2012. There was no decline in the percentage of total energy intake from added sugars from 2003 to 2012. Changes over time were consistent across each quintile of added sugars consumption. The highest quintile of consumption was more likely to be male and in children was more likely to be non-Hispanic white.Conclusions Despite a decline in consumption of added sugars since 2003 in the United States, mean adjusted added sugars intakes continue to be above the recommended level of 10% of the total energy intake. Changes in added sugars consumption from 1977 through 2012 occurred evenly across the distribution of added sugars intakes.

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  • Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children.

    “Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”

    From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [7]

    The Introduction and Discussion address trends in added-sugars intake, not restaurant food or its association with children's intake of milk, fruits, vegetables, or vitamins A and C. Searches for restaurant food and those dietary outcomes found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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  • Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages in children.

    “Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”

    From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [7]

    The Introduction says beverage calories can increase overall energy intake, and the Results report trends in children’s added-sugars intake. Neither section links restaurant food or beverages to overconsumption of the listed nutrients or sugar-sweetened beverages in children. Searches for restaurant food, fast food, sodium, and saturated fat found no passage establishing that link; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [24]World Health Organization Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children World Health Organization website http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/. Published March, 2015 Accessed June, 2015 25905159

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Authors
Powell, E. S., Smith-Taillie, L. P., & Popkin, B. M.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author
Popkin, Barry M.
ORCID
Popkin, Barry M.
Venue
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-10
Volume
116
Issue
10
Pages
1543-1550.e1
ISSN
2212-2672 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.003
PMC
PMC5039079
OpenAlex
W2501786952
Cited by
178
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI
18.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06, 70017, 68793, 71837, 67506, R24 HD‐050924, #HD050924, CPC 5 R24 HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK098072, P30DK056350)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24 HD-050924, P2CHD050924, T32HD007168)
  • Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (T32HD007168, 71837, R24HD050924, HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924, R01DK098072, CPC 5 R24 HD050924, 70017, 68793, 67506)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
energy intake, children and adolescents, adults, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, soft drinks, NHANES, National Food Consumption Survey, American diet
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Black or African American, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Sex Factors, United States, Mexican Americans, Nutrition Policy, Dietary Sucrose, Black People, White People, Racial Groups

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