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Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry
Abstract
Although recent findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty is a fundamental construct involved in excessive worry, additional research is required to further establish the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and demonstrate its unique contribution to the understanding of worry. The present study examined the relationships among measures of worry, intolerance of uncertainty, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control in a sample of 197 university students. The findings indicated that intolerance of uncertainty moderately overlaps with earlier conceptualizations of intolerance of ambiguity; however, worry was more highly related to intolerance of uncertainty than to intolerance of ambiguity. Intolerance of uncertainty also emerged as the most salient predictor of worry compared to other cognitive processes such as perfectionism and perceived control. Worry and intolerance of uncertainty continued to be significantly related after controlling for intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control, which implies that intolerance of uncertainty shares a unique association with worry that is not accounted for by these other cognitive factors. Overall, the findings provide evidence of construct validity and underscore the role of intolerance of uncertainty in the conceptualization of worry.
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In the citing paper
“considering evidence that intolerance of uncertainty is positively related to psychological inflexibility and negatively related to post-traumatic growth32,45,62”
In the citing paper
“is proposed to be a key maintaining factor in chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004; Freeston et al .,1994)”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“IU is proposed to be one of the key factors that exacerbates and maintains chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“Despite the transdiagnostic nature of IU (for a review, see Carleton, 2012), the relationship between IU and GAD is not accounted for by shared variance with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, negative affect, perfectionism or need for control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Norton et al., 2005).”
From Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Randomized Clinical Trial for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“Worry and IU continued to be significantly correlated after controlling for intolerance for ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
From Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment (2014) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“IU has been linked to the development and maintenance of worry and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009, 2012; Dugas et al. 1997, 2005; Freeston et al. 1994)”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas 2006
In the citing paper
“People with a high intolerance of uncertainty see uncertain situations as stressful and sad.[53]”
From Psychological Distress of Breast Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Factors: A Controlled Study. (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Numerous studies suggest IU is a cognitive vulnerability factor for worry (e.g.Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Koerner & Dugas, 2008).”
From Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people (2021) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
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“One possible area for further study is worry in relation to PSMU, as IU is also a well-researched construct in relation to worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 2001; Yook et al., 2010).”
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BackgroundCareer decision ambiguity tolerance: a longitudinal examination of its relation to career indecision
Xu, H. (2017) · Cited by 2
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“Intolerance of uncertainty has been defined as “the tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events” (Buhr & Dugas, 2006, p. 223).”
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“…valuation motives and intolerance of uncertainty, which was approached as an indicator of psychological adjustment for the reason that intolerance of uncertainty is linked to mental health indicators such as worry, anxiety, and depression (e.g., Boelen & Reijntjes, 2009; Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundYuniardi, M. S., Cant, M., Putri, A. K. N., Amalia, A. N., & Arumbiya, S. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan · doi:10.22219/jipt.v11i1.23079 · Cited by 2
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“…anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty refers to individual’s dispositional tendency to experience anxiety in various situations even in the absence of a threat (Barlow, 2002) and to react negatively to uncertain and ambiguous situations (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Carleton et al., 2007), respectively.”
BackgroundTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AND BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
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“To be precise, despite the probability of occurrence, the intolerance for uncertainty reflects a tendency of sufferers to regard the uncertainty as unacceptable [30].”
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“…the factor structure of IU and have yielded inconsistent conclusions with regards to the number of factors and the dimensions or latent constructs reflected in the factors (Freeston et al, 1994; Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Norton, 2005; Carleton et al, 2007; Berenbaum et al, 2008; Sexton & Dugas, 2009).”
BackgroundResultA culturally-sensitive cognitive model of worry in African American youth.
Richards, A. E. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2523
“Defined as “the tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events” (Buhr & Dugas, 2006, p. 223), the construct of IU has yielded a growing body of work suggesting a particularly robust relationship with the manifestation of worry (see…”
BackgroundInfluentialWorry and rumination : underlying processes and transdiagnostic characteristics
Drost, J. (2014) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 1
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Felsman, P. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
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Wu, D., Yang, T., Hall, D. L., Jiao, G., & Jiao, C. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-200280/v1 · Cited by 2
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anuk, D. (2023) · Turkish Journal of Oncology · doi:10.5505/tjo.2023.3934
“[53] Uncertainty is related to the future and causes anxiety, but there is also a positive relationship with depression.”
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“A negative correlation was established between TA and ‘anxiety’ (Bardi et al., 2009) and ‘perfectionism’ (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
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Jacoby, R. J. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qwgs-ev68
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An Evaluation of a Computerized Measure of Interpretation Bias in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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Levin, A. Y. (2011) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0072080
“…scores on the IUS were found to be related the scores on the Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale (r=0.42), measures of perfectionism and measures of perceived control, the IUS still predicted a significant amount of variance in worry after these measures were taken into account (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
ResultInfluentialBahramkhani, M., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., & Bagheri, M. (2016)
BRIEF REPORT Exams? Why worry? Interpreting anxiety as facilitative and stress appraisals
Strack, J., & Esteves, F. G. (2014)
Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG)
Miranda, D. B. (2016) · Editorial Académica Española eBooks
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“Although early work implicated IU in the etiology and maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; GAD; Dugas, Buhr, & Ladouceur, 2004; Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997; Dugas, Marchand, & Ladouceur, 2005; Dugas, Schwartz, et al., 2004), it has since been posited…”
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Dean, K. E. (2016) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.4616
“IU was initially linked to the development and maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Buhr, & Ladouceur, 2004; Dugas et al., 1997; Dugas, Marchand, & Ladouceur, 2005; Dugas, Schwartz, & Francis, 2004).”
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Gramszlo, C. (2019) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3279
“High IU demonstrates a unique association with repetitive negative thinking, as compared to similar cognitive processes such as perfectionism and perceived control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2013).”
BackgroundReis, D., & Prestele, E. (2019) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/njhf3
Petrocchi, S., Iannello, P., Ongaro, G., Antonietti, A., & Pravettoni, G. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-83524/v1
“…and threat, and this tendency to react negatively to ambiguity and uncertainty is likely to lead to an increased level of distress (Furnham and Ribchester, 1995; blind for review; Mac Donald, 1970; McLain, 1993; Budner, 1962), anxiety (Bardi et al., 2009), and worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundResultWITHDRAWN: Anxiety and responses towards ambiguity: A multidimensional framework
Tan, N., & Shou, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100075
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“Previous research has proven that uncertainty is one of the main determinants of the level of stress experienced (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Zlomke & Young, 2009; Meeten, et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAmanat, N., Soleimani, M., Mirmohammadkhani, M., Jahangiri, B., & Khosravi, H. (2026) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2026.101104
تقييم واقع أنماط الشغف (المتناغم والقهري) وعدم تحمل اللايقين لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الثانوية
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Kesim, I. E., Pittig, A., & Wong, A. H. K. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021599/v1
Experimental induction of state intolerance of uncertainty: A preliminary study
Volarov, M., Allan, N. P., & Mihić, L. (2024) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra0-44859
“Considering this, it is not surprising that IU is strongly related to worry (i.e., Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 1997, 2001, 2004; Ladouceur et al., 2000) and considered to be a transdiagnostic risk factor for predicting the symptoms of emotional distress disorders (i.e., Boswell et al., 2013;…”
BackgroundUncertainty Intolerance Inventory Development: Validity and Reliability Study
Koser, İ. E., Öksüz, Y., & KOLUKISA, Ş. (2024) · Journal of Global Sport and Education Research · doi:10.55142/jogser.1469828
Vigilanz und Vermeidung: zwei zentrale Strategien im Umgang mit Bedrohung
Krohne, H. W. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69475-6_5
Bouvard, M. A., Servant, D., & Rossier, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78319-7.00022-2
Kabadayı, F., & Mercan, O. (2024) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.kuz14216u
Metadata
- Authors
- Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dugas, Michel J.
- ORCID
- Dugas, Michel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 222-236
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978488323
- Semantic Scholar
- 1284dc569568791a0bb63d5c8f0f64bf36c254ff
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, worry, construct validity, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, perceived control, university students, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Culture, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Uncertainty
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