Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry
Abstract
Although recent findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty is a fundamental construct involved in excessive worry, additional research is required to further establish the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and demonstrate its unique contribution to the understanding of worry. The present study examined the relationships among measures of worry, intolerance of uncertainty, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control in a sample of 197 university students. The findings indicated that intolerance of uncertainty moderately overlaps with earlier conceptualizations of intolerance of ambiguity; however, worry was more highly related to intolerance of uncertainty than to intolerance of ambiguity. Intolerance of uncertainty also emerged as the most salient predictor of worry compared to other cognitive processes such as perfectionism and perceived control. Worry and intolerance of uncertainty continued to be significantly related after controlling for intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control, which implies that intolerance of uncertainty shares a unique association with worry that is not accounted for by these other cognitive factors. Overall, the findings provide evidence of construct validity and underscore the role of intolerance of uncertainty in the conceptualization of worry.
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Intolerance of uncertainty is positively related to psychological inflexibility and negatively related to post-traumatic growth.
“considering evidence that intolerance of uncertainty is positively related to psychological inflexibility and negatively related to post-traumatic growth32,45,62”
Intolerance of uncertainty is proposed to be a key maintaining factor in chronic worry.
“is proposed to be a key maintaining factor in chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004; Freeston et al .,1994)”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
IU is proposed to be one of the key factors that exacerbates and maintains chronic worry.
“IU is proposed to be one of the key factors that exacerbates and maintains chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
The relationship between IU and GAD is not accounted for by shared variance with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, negative affect, perfectionism or need for control.
“Despite the transdiagnostic nature of IU (for a review, see Carleton, 2012), the relationship between IU and GAD is not accounted for by shared variance with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, negative affect, perfectionism or need for control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Norton et al., 2005).”
From Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Randomized Clinical Trial for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
Worry and IU continued to be significantly correlated after controlling for intolerance for ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control.
“Worry and IU continued to be significantly correlated after controlling for intolerance for ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
From Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment (2014) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
IU has been linked to the development and maintenance of worry and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
“IU has been linked to the development and maintenance of worry and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009, 2012; Dugas et al. 1997, 2005; Freeston et al. 1994)”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas 2006
People with a high intolerance of uncertainty see uncertain situations as stressful and sad.
“People with a high intolerance of uncertainty see uncertain situations as stressful and sad.[53]”
From Psychological Distress of Breast Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Factors: A Controlled Study. (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
IU is a cognitive vulnerability factor for worry.
“Numerous studies suggest IU is a cognitive vulnerability factor for worry (e.g.Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Koerner & Dugas, 2008).”
From Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people (2021) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
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“In a similar vein, worry – which primarily involves thoughts about future threat and is closely correlated with intolerance of uncertainty ( Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 2001; Ladouceur, Gosselin, & Dugas, 2000) – may lead individuals to become increasingly certain that aversive future outcomes will occur, but wi…”
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“The systematic review revealed only two studies that point to theoretical (Grenier et al., 2005) and empirical (Buhr & Dugas, 2006) similarities and differences between IU and IA.”
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“High fear and anxiety may correspond with a lower degree of tolerance for ambiguity or uncertainty (cf. Buhr & Dugas, 2006, Holaway, Heimberg, & Coles, 2006, and metaanalytic data in Gentes & Ruscio, 2011, for a relation between intolerance for uncertainty and worry in different anxiety disorders;…”
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“Despite its publication date, this measure remains the most widely used and well-established measure of ambiguity tolerance (see Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Furnham, 1994; Grenier, Barrette, & Ladouceur, 2005).”
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“It is found to have strong associations with clinically significant anxiety disorders in the general population, including generalised anxiety and social anxiety (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Carleton, 2012; Carleton, Norton, & Asmundson, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodIntolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry
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“Introduction evidence has related IU to generalized anxiety disorder (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Koerner & Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a disposi- Dugas, 2008; Dugas, Marchand, & Ladou tional characteristic resulting from negative ceur, 2005), with early research evidence beliefs about uncertainty…”
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Heightened fear of uncertainty in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Frank, G. K. W., Roblek, T., Shott, M. E., Jappe, L. M., Rollin, M. D. H., Hagman, J. O., & Pryor, T. (2012) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20929 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“We did not find IU differences between youth and adult study participants, which supports previous research of the importance of IU elevations in both youth and adult samples.(19,20,25)”
Perfectionism, Rumination, Worry, and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents
Flett, G. L., Coulter, L.-M., Hewitt, P. L., & Nepon, T. B. (2011) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573511422039 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“We anticipated that in keeping with limited research on trait perfectionism and worry in university students (see Blankstein & Lumley, 2008; Buhr & Dugas, 2006), it was predicted that self-reported levels of pathological worry would be linked with self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed…”
BackgroundIntolerance of uncertainty and perceived threat
Bredemeier, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“But it might be a heart attack”: Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms
Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M. H., Boelen, P. A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Substantial evidence has related IU to generalized anxiety disorder (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Marchand, & Ladouceur, 2005a; Koerner & Dugas, 2008); however, more recent research indicates IU may be important for the development and maintenance of all anxiety disorders (Boswell, Thompson-Hollands,…”
BackgroundFlett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., & Hewitt, P. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat?
Nelson, B. D., & Shankman, S. A. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Repetitive thought and self-reported sleep disturbance.
Takano, K., Iijima, Y., & Tanno, Y. (2012) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.04.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The role of ambiguity tolerance in career decision making
Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.04.001 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“In non-clinical samples research has also revealed the association of ambiguity intolerance with worry, obsessions/compulsions, and panic sensations (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Gosselin, & Ladouceur, 2001).”
BackgroundLiao, K. Y., & Wei, M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20846 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Iannello, P., Sorgente, A., Lanz, M., & Antonietti, A. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00277-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Rodgers, J., Hodgson, A., Shields, K., Wright, C., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2924-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“IU is linked to a range of anxiety disorders including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009, 2012; Dugas et al.”
Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.622131 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“P-IUwas a unique predictor of excessive worry, which concurs with previous research (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Laugesen, Dugas, & Bukowski, 2003; McEvoy &Mahoney, 2011).”
ResultRisk Perceptions and Psychological Effects During the Italian COVID-19 Emergency
Lanciano, T., Graziano, G., Curci, A., Costadura, S., & Monaco, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580053 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…the intolerance of uncertainty is associated with anxiety and mood disorders (Boelen and Reijntjes, 2009), peaked levels of worry and rumination (Buhr and Dugas, 2006), and behaviors such as information seeking or monitoring and complying with recommendations (Rosen and Knäuper, 2009; Rosen et…”
BackgroundTo fear or fly to the unknown: Tolerance for ambiguity and Big Five personality traits
Jach, H. K., & Smillie, L. D. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.02.003 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Tull, M. T., Barbano, A. C., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Edmonds, K. A., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Sternheim, L. C., Startup, H. M., & Schmidt, U. H. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.020 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Zlomke, K. R. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.06.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“On the other hand, the mean obtained through the current administration of the PSWQ indicated a large effect size (d = 1.06) as compared to data reported by Buhr and Dugas (2006).”
ResultInfluentialXie, Y., Kong, Y., Yang, J., & Chen, F. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.028 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder
Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Robichaud, M. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.09.001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Koerner, N., Mejia, T., & Kusec, A. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1211172 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Past research has demonstrated that OOP is not associated with worry (Blankstein & Lumley, 2008; Buhr & Dugas, 2006) or other forms of perseverative or repetitive cognitive activity (Flett, Madorsky, Hewitt, & Heisel, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMaheu, C., Singh, M. D., Tock, W. L., Eyrenci, A., Galica, J., Hébert, M., Frati, F., & Estapé, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644932 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: an update on the field
Kesby, A., Maguire, S., Brownlow, R., & Grisham, J. R. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.07.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Acceptance-based behavioral therapy for GAD: effects on outcomes from three theoretical models.
Treanor, M., Erisman, S. M., Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20766 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Greater perceived control may help to reduce one’s sense of uncertainty, and empirical investigations have demonstrated negative relationships between the two constructs.([25]) However, low perceived control itself may represent a unique factor in the genesis and maintenance of anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundMantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0286-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…of uncertainty often leads to anxiety and depression (e.g., Asmundson & Carleton, 2005; Berenbaum, Bredemeier, & Thompson, 2008; Holaway, Heimberg, & Coles, 2006; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011), as well as cognitive avoidance and perfectionism (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Laugesen, Dugas, & Bukowski, 2003).”
BackgroundHow is the Beads Task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders?
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Buck, B., & Fabricant, L. E. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…and worry in both undergraduate and clinical samples, even after controlling for various demographic and clinical factors (Boelen & Carleton, 2012; Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997; Dugas et al., 2001; Dugas et al., 2004a; Fergus & Wu, 2010; Mahoney & McEvoy, 2012; McEvoy &…”
BackgroundIntolerance of Uncertainty Predicts Anxiety Outcomes Following CBT in Youth with ASD.
Keefer, A., Kreiser, N. L., Singh, V., Blakeley-Smith, A., Duncan, A., Johnson, C., Klinger, L., Meyer, A., Reaven, J., & Vasa, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2852-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“IU is a well-established predictor of greater anxiety and worry in TD youth and adults (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009; Gentes and Ruscio 2011; Laugesen et al. 2003; Read et al. 2013).”
BackgroundCounsell, A., Furtado, M., Iorio, C., Anand, L., Canzonieri, A., Fine, A., Fotinos, K., Epstein, I., & Katzman, M. A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.046 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stress and worry: examining intolerance of uncertainty's moderating effect
Zlomke, K. R., & Jeter, K. M. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835400 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Individuals who are high in IU are more likely to “find ambiguity stressful and upsetting, believe uncertainty is negative and should be avoided, and have difficulty functioning in uncertain situations” (Buhr & Dugas, 2006, p. 223).”
BackgroundGoodall, C. E., & Reed, P. R. (2013) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.689096 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Individual differences such as paranoia, worry, and anxiety (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Gagnon, Ladouceur, & Freeston, 1998; McKay, Langdon, & Coltheart, 2007) have been demonstrated to be 2Given that this issue has received a large amount of news coverage, prior exposure may have interacted with…”
BackgroundBuhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationKatzman, M., Vermani, M., Gerbarg, P., Brown, R., Iorio, C., Davis, M., Cameron, C., & Tsirgielis, D. (2012) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.91716 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“[57,58] 9.”
Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Muris, P., & Ollendick, T. H. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00342-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Increasing intolerance of uncertainty over time: the potential influence of increasing connectivity
Carleton, R. N., Desgagné, G., Krakauer, R., & Hong, R. Y. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1476580 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…0.78 65.21 11.38 2 de Bruin et al., 2007 Study 2 2006 2004 50 0.88 67.60 7.05 2 holaway, heimberg, & Coles, 2006; 2006 2004 505 0.69 54.37 16.51 1 Buhr & Dugas, 2006; 2006 2004 197 0.77 61.25 18.98 1 Butzer & Kuiper, 2006; 2006 2004 166 0.61 58.32 – 1 abramowitz, Deacon, & valentiner, 2007; 2007…”
InfluentialThe relationships between perfectionism, pathological worry and generalised anxiety disorder
Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-98 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Self-Oriented Perfectionism remained a significant predictor of worry after controlling for demographics and intolerance of uncertainty [9].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Impact of Anxiety in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Adams, D., & Emerson, L. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04673-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Saw, A., Berenbaum, H., & Okazaki, S. (2012) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2012.668536 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mental Wellbeing of Family Members of Autistic Adults
Herrema, R., Garland, D., Osborne, M., Freeston, M. H., Honey, E. J., & Rodgers, J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3269-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“This supports evidence from previous research (Buhr and Dugas 2012, 2006, 2009; Dugas et al.”
ResultThe Developmental Psychopathology of Worry
Kertz, S. J., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0086-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Intolerance of uncertainty is defined as a negative response, including emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions, to situations or events interpreted as ambiguous (Buhr and Dugas 2006).”
BackgroundDugas, M. J., Sexton, K. A., Hebert, E. A., Bouchard, S., Gouin, J.-P., & Shafran, R. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAkbari, M., Spada, M. M., Nikčević, A. V., & Zamani, E. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2628 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The role of intolerance of uncertainty in terms of alcohol use motives among college students
Kraemer, K. M., McLeish, A. C., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.033 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fracalanza, K., Koerner, N., Deschênes, S. S., & Dugas, M. J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.888754 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that SOP and SPP have a moderate positive association with both worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Short & Mazmanian, 2013; Stoeber, Feast, & Hayward, 2009) and anger (Blankstein & Lumley, 2008; Saboonchi & Lundh, 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWu, D., Yang, T., Hall, D. L., Jiao, G., Huang, L., & Jiao, C. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03310-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
MacLennan, K., Rossow, T., & Tavassoli, T. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211016110 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Logan, S., Steel, Z., & Hunt, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022114555762 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This measure has shown excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .94) and good test–retest reliability (r = .74) within a previous sample (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundBottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Carraro, E., Barclay, N., Payne, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01723 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Despite the role of all components in worry and GAD has been considerably demonstrated (e.g., Freeston et al., 1994; Borkovec and Roemer, 1995; Dugas et al., 1997, 2005; Ladouceur et al., 1998, 1999; Robichaud et al., 2003; Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Koerner and Dugas, 2008), only a few studies were conducted to shed light…”
BackgroundIntolerance of Uncertainty as a Mediator of the Relationship between Mindfulness and Health Anxiety
Kraemer, K. M., O’Bryan, E. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0524-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…may improve regulatory behaviors, reducing the need to engage in worry or safety seeking behaviors that serve to maintain and exacerbate health anxiety (Buhr and Dugas 2006; Deacon and Abramowitz 2008; Fergus and Bardeen 2013; Fetzner et al. 2014; Ladouceur et al. 2000; Taylor and Asmundson 2004).”
BackgroundInvestigating the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on catastrophic worrying and mood
Meeten, F., Dash, S. R., Scarlet, A. L. S., & Davey, G. C. L. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kusec, A., Tallon, K., & Koerner, N. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1171391 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The IUS total scale has excellent internal consistency, good test–retest reliability over 5 weeks, as well as evidence of construct validity (Buhr & Dugas, 2002, 2006).”
BackgroundRodgers, J., Herrema, R., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3550-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“IU has been linked to the development and maintenance of worry and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009, 2012; Dugas et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of mask-wearing on social anxiety: an exploratory review
Saint, S. A., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1929936 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In a related vein, intolerance of uncertainty – a disposition toward reacting negatively to uncertain outcomes (Buhr & Dugas, 2006) – is heightened in anxiety disorders as well as other clinical populations (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011).”
BackgroundMood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies
Meeten, F., & Davey, G. C. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exams? Why worry? Interpreting anxiety as facilitative and stress appraisals
Strack, J., & Esteves, F. (2015) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.931942 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Furthermore, fear and nonacceptance of emotions tend to be associated with appraising events and situations with some degree of uncertainty as threatening (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundStapinski, L. A., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Psychological distress in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion: A case-control study
Rad, H. A., Basirat, Z., Faramarzi, M., Mostafazadeh, A., & Bijani, A. (2019) · Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology · doi:10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.88899 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This scale classifies the nature of worry experienced by healthy into the following four categories: bearing down on ambiguous situations, positive beliefs about worry, cognitive avoidance, and negative problem orientation(31).”
BackgroundEffects of emotion on prospection during decision-making
Worthy, D. A., Byrne, K. A., & Fields, S. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00591 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“While anxiety has been associated with risk avoidant behavior, worry has been associated with an increased intolerance of uncertainty (Ladoucer et al., 1997; Dugas et al., 1998; Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundAn investigation of the role of intolerance of uncertainty in hoarding symptoms
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Jacoby, R. J., Zwerling, J., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.047 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Furthermore, our HD patients endorsed levels of IU on par with OCD and GAD patients, conditions frequently connected to IU in the literature (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Holaway et al., 2006; McEvoyand Mahoney, 2012; Tolin et al., 2003).”
BackgroundWORRY, INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY, AND STATISTICS ANXIETY
Williams, A. S. (2013) · Statistics Education Research Journal · doi:10.52041/serj.v12i1.321 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., & Blakey, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1134786 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The IUS has excellent internal consistency (α = .94), and has demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity (Buhr & Dugas, 2002, 2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dugas, Michel J.
- ORCID
- Dugas, Michel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 222-236
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978488323
- Semantic Scholar
- 1284dc569568791a0bb63d5c8f0f64bf36c254ff
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, worry, construct validity, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, perceived control, university students, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Culture, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Uncertainty
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