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Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry
Abstract
Although recent findings suggest that intolerance of uncertainty is a fundamental construct involved in excessive worry, additional research is required to further establish the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and demonstrate its unique contribution to the understanding of worry. The present study examined the relationships among measures of worry, intolerance of uncertainty, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control in a sample of 197 university students. The findings indicated that intolerance of uncertainty moderately overlaps with earlier conceptualizations of intolerance of ambiguity; however, worry was more highly related to intolerance of uncertainty than to intolerance of ambiguity. Intolerance of uncertainty also emerged as the most salient predictor of worry compared to other cognitive processes such as perfectionism and perceived control. Worry and intolerance of uncertainty continued to be significantly related after controlling for intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control, which implies that intolerance of uncertainty shares a unique association with worry that is not accounted for by these other cognitive factors. Overall, the findings provide evidence of construct validity and underscore the role of intolerance of uncertainty in the conceptualization of worry.
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In the citing paper
“considering evidence that intolerance of uncertainty is positively related to psychological inflexibility and negatively related to post-traumatic growth32,45,62”
In the citing paper
“is proposed to be a key maintaining factor in chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004; Freeston et al .,1994)”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“IU is proposed to be one of the key factors that exacerbates and maintains chronic worry (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al ., 2004).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“Despite the transdiagnostic nature of IU (for a review, see Carleton, 2012), the relationship between IU and GAD is not accounted for by shared variance with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, negative affect, perfectionism or need for control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Norton et al., 2005).”
From Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Randomized Clinical Trial for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“Worry and IU continued to be significantly correlated after controlling for intolerance for ambiguity, perfectionism, and perceived control (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
From Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment (2014) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
In the citing paper
“IU has been linked to the development and maintenance of worry and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (Buhr and Dugas 2006, 2009, 2012; Dugas et al. 1997, 2005; Freeston et al. 1994)”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Buhr and Dugas 2006
In the citing paper
“People with a high intolerance of uncertainty see uncertain situations as stressful and sad.[53]”
From Psychological Distress of Breast Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Factors: A Controlled Study. (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Numerous studies suggest IU is a cognitive vulnerability factor for worry (e.g.Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Koerner & Dugas, 2008).”
From Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people (2021) · cites this paper as Buhr & Dugas, 2006
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“Theorists have posited that intolerance of uncertainty (IU), defined as the propensity to react negatively to uncertain circumstances (Buhr and Dugas, 2006), may play an important role in experiences of anxiety (Carleton, in press; Carleton et al., 2012a).”
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“The 27-item Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) was used to measure the extent to which participants believe uncertainty is stressful, upsetting, negative, unfair, and leads to the inability to take action [104,105].”
Career decision-making in an uncertain world: A dual-process framework
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Worry as an adaptive avoidance strategy in healthy controls but not in pathological worriers.
Ottaviani, C., Borlimi, R., Brighetti, G., Caselli, G., Favaretto, E., Giardini, I., Marzocchi, C., Nucifora, V., Rebecchi, D., Ruggiero, G. M., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.05.010 · Cited by 41
“To test for mediating effects, the following questionnaires were administered: 1) Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Buhr and Dugas, 2006), as a measure of reaction to uncertainty.”
MethodSensory Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Influence Anxiety in Autistic Adults
Normansell-Mossa, K. M., Top, D. N., Russell, N., Freeston, M., Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731753 · Cited by 45
“The IUS-12 has been shown to have good construct validity with other similar scales and good test–retest reliability (Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundRenjan, V., McEvoy, P. M., Handley, A. K., & Fursland, A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.008 · Cited by 55
Ren, L., Wei, Z., Li, Y., Cui, L., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wei, X., Peng, J., Li, K., Jin, Y., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03455-0 · Cited by 50
Perfectionism in Pediatric Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
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“…negative and should be avoided (Dugas et al. 2004), and it has been implicated in disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder and depression (Buhr and Dugas 2006; Dugas et al. 2004; Gallagher et al. 2003; Gentes and Ruscio 2011; Tolin et al. 2003).”
InfluentialKhawaja, N. G., & McMahon, J. (2011) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.28.4.165 · Cited by 51
“The findings are in accordance with previous research indicating that intolerance of uncertainty is more strongly related to GAD (Berenbaum et al., 2008; Buhr & Dugas, 2006, 2009; Dugas et al., 2005; Dugas et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultKonstantellou, A., & Reynolds, M. (2010) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.01.003 · Cited by 49
Perfectionism and psychological distress: a review of the cognitive factors
Macedo, A., Marques, M., & Pereira, A. T. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health · doi:10.21035/ijcnmh.2014.1.6 · Cited by 54
“a more negative dimension) have been those showing more significant correlations with worry [56, 58-60].”
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Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.052 · Cited by 38
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Immediate Decision-Making in High-Risk Situations
Jensen, D., Kind, A. J., Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.035113 · Cited by 48
“Research suggests that IU may play a central role in the etiology and maintenance of worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006, 2009; Freeston, Rheaume, Letarte, Dugas, & Ladouceur, 1994) and rumination (Yook, Kim, Suh, & Lee, 2010), which helps explain its transdiagnostic associations: IU has been linked with a…”
BackgroundFetzner, M. G., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carey, C., Thibodeau, M. A., Brandt, C., Zvolensky, M. J., & Carleton, R. N. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.929170 · Cited by 38
“Originally thought to be specific to generalized anxiety disorder (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Koerner & Dugas, 2008), increasing evidence indicates that IU appears across anxiety disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder, Carleton, Collimore, & Asmundson, 2010; post-traumatic stress disorder, Fetzner,…”
BackgroundBarahmand, U., & Haji, A. (2014) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.07.002 · Cited by 42
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“On the other hand, a lack of perceived control may induce an individual to view uncertainty as more aversive and negative in response to feelings of having little control over outcomes and in turn may lead to increases in worry ( Buhr and Dugas 2006 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntolerance of Uncertainty: A Temporary Experimental Induction Procedure
Mosca, O., Lauriola, M., & Carleton, R. N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155130 · Cited by 37
Crandall, A., Allsop, Y., & Hanson, C. L. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.009 · Cited by 35
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What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry
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“, rumination, negative repetitive thinking: [26]) in clinical contexts has suggested that worry about phenomena in daily life is largely driven by ambiguity around perceived threats [27].”
BackgroundIntolerance of uncertainty mediates the relationship between adult attachment and worry
Wright, C. J., Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., & Coventry, W. L. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.039 · Cited by 36
“It has been further discussed as reflecting an individual's negative beliefs about uncertainty and their ability to cope with the distress associated with uncertainty and the tendency to experience ambiguity as stressful (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundDisorder-specific cognitive profiles in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
Hendriks, S., Licht, C., Spijker, J., Beekman, A., Hardeveld, F., de Graaf, R., & Penninx, B. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-96 · Cited by 44
“Some recent studies point at the role of intolerance of uncertainty, [21,29,63-65] which can be defined as a cognitive bias that affects how a person perceives, interprets, and responds to uncertain situations on a cognitive emotional and behavioural level [66].”
BackgroundExamination of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Construct in Youth With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Cowie, J., Clementi, M. A., & Alfano, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1212358 · Cited by 34
“In nonclinical child samples, IU differentiates moderate from severe worriers (Laugesen, Dugas, & Bukowski, 2003) and is a stronger predictor of worry than depression or cognitive factors such as perceived control and perfectionism (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Fialko, Bolton, & Perrin, 2012).”
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“Although intolerance of uncertainty is theorized to underlie or contribute to the maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder in particular, research suggests they are distinct constructs (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundRen, L., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, L.-B., Jin, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, Q., Wu, Z., Wang, H.-N., & Yang, Q. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02849-w · Cited by 33
“The IUM emphasizes intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a crucial factor in the development and maintenance of GAD [14, 15].”
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Kothari, R., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Rozental, A., Egan, S., Wade, T., Allcott-Watson, H., Andersson, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.007 · Cited by 32
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The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance
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Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
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“It was revealed that individuals tolerant of ambiguity are likely to exhibit more creativity (Zenasni et al., 2008), more competence in complex decision-making (Ng, 2013), and less general anxiety (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
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Does sustainable consumption matter? Consumer grocery shopping behaviour andthe pandemic
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Parenting Profiles, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Worry among Chinese Primary School Children
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Psychological Effects of Covid-19 Epidemic and Quarantine
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Will you thrive under pressure or burn out? Linking anxiety motivation and emotional exhaustion
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“Research on anxiety has typically emphasised its distressing and debilitative nature (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Lazarus, 1993).”
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Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlüğün Yordayıcısı Olarak Endişe ile İlgili Olumlu ve Olumsuz İnançlar
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The Role of Trait and State Perfectionism in Psychological Detachment From Daily Job Demands
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“The level of intolerance of uncertainty in the Ménière’s group appeared to be comparable to the scores of non-anxious people in other research (Buhr and Dugas, 2002; Buhr and Dugas, 2006), and lower than people with anxiety disorders (Holaway et al.”
ResultSanchez, A. L., Kendall, P. C., & Comer, J. S. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9757-1 · Cited by 32
“Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) refers to a set of negative beliefs about uncertainty and the tendency to interpret ambiguous events as stressful (Buhr and Dugas 2006; Dugas et al. 1998).”
BackgroundPsychophsyiological reactivity during uncertainty and ambiguity processing in high and low worriers
Kirschner, H., Hilbert, K., Hoyer, J., Lueken, U., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.06.001 · Cited by 31
“This is in keeping with the differentiation of uncertainty and ambiguity as proposed by Grenier and others (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Grenier et al., 2005; Rosen et al., 2014).”
ResultOvanessian, M. M., Koerner, N., Antony, M. M., & Dugas, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719841529 · Cited by 29
“Research has shown that intolerance of uncertainty and excessive worry are strongly correlated (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997), and that individuals who do not improve following CBT for GAD continue to endorse elevated levels of intolerance of uncertainty (e.g.,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMacDonald, E. M., Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., & Goodwill, A. M. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.964303 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, intolerance of ambiguity and IU were only moderately correlated (r ¼ 0.42; Buhr & Dugas, 2006), which suggests non-redundancy.”
BackgroundInfluentialIntolerance of uncertainty in body dysmorphic disorder
Summers, B. J., Matheny, N. L., Sarawgi, S., & Cougle, J. R. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.11.002 · Cited by 24
Need for cognitive closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and perfectionism in medical school applicants
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Kawamoto, T., & Furutani, K. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.008 · Cited by 24
“Because perfectionists may feel that they need to make perfect decisions before responding in order to achieve perfect outcomes, they have trouble tolerating a lack of information (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Reuther et al., 2013).”
Semenza, D. C., Magee, L. A., Anestis, M. D., & Buggs, S. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102269 · Cited by 25
“815) from the longer Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, which assesses emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to ambiguous situations (Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundIndividual differences in search and monitoring for color targets in dynamic visual displays.
Muhl‐Richardson, A., Godwin, H. J., Garner, M. J., Hadwin, J. A., Liversedge, S. P., & Donnelly, N. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000155 · Cited by 26
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“Therefore, studies of ambiguity tolerance have also examined the relationship between low levels of ambiguity tolerance and social anxiety (Boelen & Reijntjes, 2009), worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006), and stress evaluation (Iannello et al., 2017; Masuda, 1998).”
BackgroundSex Differences in Psychological Factors Associated with Social Discounting
Olson, E. A., Rosso, I. M., Demers, L. A., Divatia, S. C., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1876 · Cited by 28
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“This construct is related to the idea that uncertainty is unacceptable and is conceptualized as a basic dysfunctional schema that may guide information processing and appraisal (Boelen and Reijntjes, 2009; Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Freeston et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaternal intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and adherence with food challenge referrals
Herbert, L., Dahlquist, L. M., & Bollinger, M. E. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312459895 · Cited by 23
“, problem-solve) in uncertain situations, which can lead to avoidance of uncertain situations that could result in unbearable anxiety (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; De Bruin et al., 2006).”
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Using Eye Movements to Understand how Security Screeners Search for Threats in X-Ray Baggage
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“One of these is the ‘Maximization Scale’ [86], a 13-item personality scale that assesses the degree to which an individual is a ‘maximizer’, who will strive for the best outcome, or a ‘satisficer’, who will accept outcomes that are good enough.”
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“Similarly, Buhr and Dugas (2006) demonstrated that those low in TOA tend to be high in ‘other-oriented perfectionism’ (i.e., very focused on high performance in others), a construct that has conceptual overlap with strong directive leadership.”
Systematic information processing style and perseverative worry
Dash, S. R., Meeten, F., & Davey, G. C. L. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.007 · Cited by 21
Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.005 · Cited by 21
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“…with worry even after controlling for other variables associated with worry, such as positive beliefs about worry, perfectionism, indecisiveness, need for predictability, and negative mood (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 1998; Koerner et al., 2017; Laugesen, Dugas, & Bukowski, 2003).”
BackgroundThe effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry
Britton, G. I., Neale, S. E., & Davey, G. C. L. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.09.002 · Cited by 23
State of the Science: Intolerance of Uncertainty
Dugas, M. J., Koerner, N., & Freeston, M. H. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.08.009 · Cited by 27
Self-citationBijsterbosch, J. M., van den Brink, F., Vollmann, M., Boelen, P. A., & Sternheim, L. C. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001208 · Cited by 23
“RESULTS Means for the IUS-27, SPIN, and BAT fell within normal range of comparable studies with nonclinical samples (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Boelen and Reijntjes, 2009; Probst et al., 1995).”
BackgroundQuinlan, E., Schilder, S., & Deane, F. P. (2021) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2020.1829451 · Cited by 21
“These reactions are consistent with prior research; the link between uncertainty intolerance and anxiety is well documented (Carleton, 2016), with uncertainty intolerance representing the most salient predictor of worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
ResultConsumer Intention to Buy Electric Cars: Integrating Uncertainty in the Theory of Planned Behavior
Riverso, R., Altamura, C., & Barbera, F. L. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15118548 · Cited by 31
“The concept of IU represents an evolution of the intolerance of ambiguity (IA) [65]; IU is more related to concern than IA [66], and it has found applications mainly in non-clinical settings [61].”
BackgroundA Study of Interactions among Ambiguity Tolerance, Classroom Work Styles, and English Proficiency
Chiang, H.-H. (2016) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v9n6p61 · Cited by 20
“…phenomena (Abbe et al., 2007; Caligiuri & Tarique, 2012; Tapanes, Smith, & White, 2009), decision making (Iyer, McBride, & Reckers, 2012), worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006), safety competencies (Ironside, Jeffries, & Martin, 2009), identity conflict (Leong & Ward, 2000), thinking styles (Ie, Haller,…”
Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy on Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Dixon, L., Fotinos, K., Sherifi, E., Lokuge, S., Fine, A., Furtado, M., Anand, L., Liberatore, K., & Katzman, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2020.026 · Cited by 20
Order, Complexity, and Aesthetic AppreciationPreprint
Geert, E. V., & Wagemans, J. P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gfdxb · Cited by 20
Reducing social anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents with improvisational theater
Felsman, P., Seifert, C. M., Sinco, B. R., & Himle, J. A. (2022) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2022.101985 · Cited by 26
Distress intolerance and worry: the mediating role of cognitive variables
Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., McHugh, R. K., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2014) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.974571 · Cited by 20
“These findings are in line with the metacognitive model of GAD (Wells, 2005), which suggests that MCQ-P initially drive the worry process, even in healthy populations, whereas negative beliefs about worry and meta-worry are associated with clinical (i.e., GAD) worry.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive predictors of worry in a non-clinical population
Khawaja, N. G., & Chapman, D. (2007) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200601151778 · Cited by 19
“manner ( Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 2004) appeared to be the two factors contributing to”
BackgroundInfluentialCorrelates of Dampening and Savoring in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Malivoire, B. L., Marcotte-Beaumier, G., Sumantry, D. M., & Koerner, N. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00145-x · Cited by 18
“In addition, the average score on the IUS was higher than what has been previously found in nonclinical student samples (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 2005).”
ResultWho Needs a Case Formulation and Why: Clinicians Use the Case Formulation to Guide Decision-Making
Persons, J. B. (2013) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i4.1835 · Cited by 20
Unique Correlates of Problem Solving Effectiveness in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Pawluk, E. J., Koerner, N., Tallon, K., & Antony, M. M. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9861-x · Cited by 17
“The IUS has excellent internal consistency (α = .94), and has demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity (Buhr and Dugas 2002, 2006).”
BackgroundMeulders, A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Evers, A. W. M., Köke, A. J. A., Smeets, R., Zundert, J. H. M. V., Verbunt, J., & Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002428 · Cited by 19
Srpska adaptacija i validacija upitnika netolerancije na neizvesnost.
Mihić, L., Sokić, J., Samac, N., & Ignjatović, I. (2014) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2014.3-1.347-370 · Cited by 17
“Rezultati mnogih studija sugerišu da je NN povezana sa brigom i meta-brigom (Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Buhr & Dugas, 2009; Ladouceur, Gosselin, & Dugas, 2000; Lee, Orsillo, Roemer, & Allen, 2010; Ruggiero et al., 2012), odnosno da ovaj kognitivni proces deluje kao okidač procesa brige, pa samim tim i…”
A multi-method analysis of distress tolerance in body dysmorphic disorder
Matheny, N. L., Summers, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Harvey, A. M., Okey, S. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.005 · Cited by 17
“…intolerance of uncertainty (IU), or the tendency to carry negative beliefs about uncertain situations and one’s ability to cope with uncertainty (Buhr & Dugas, 2006) was recently linked to BDD, such that greater IU was positively associated with BDD symptoms, above and beyond general distress,…”
BackgroundTransdiagnostik Faktör Olarak Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük
Yığman, F., & FİDAN, S. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.827416 · Cited by 19
Thinking 'Straight': Heteronormativity and Associated Outcomes Across Sexual Orientation.
Habarth, J. M. (2008) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 17
Howell, J. L., Sweeny, K. M., Hua, J., Werntz, A. J., Hussain, M., Hinojosa, B. M., Johnson, A. E., Lindgren, K. P., Meese, W. B., O'Shea, B. A., et al. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001163 · Cited by 16
“…pathology, and we distinguish our approach from the sizable clinical literature focusing on intolerance of uncertainty and excessive worry as predictors and/ or components of generalized anxiety disorder (e.g., Andrews et al., 2010; Buhr & Dugas, 2006; Dugas et al., 1997; Ladouceur et al., 2000).”
ResultThe language of worry: Examining linguistic elements of worry models
Geronimi, E. M. C., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.917071 · Cited by 16
“In recent studies, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been linked to exaggerated worry, and thus, has received growing attention in the field (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2002, 2006).”
BackgroundBredemeier, K., McCole, K., Luther, L., Beck, A. T., & Grant, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9714-2 · Cited by 16
Baluku, M. M., Bantu, E., Namale, B., & Otto, K. (2021) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-021-00051-1 · Cited by 20
“On the contrary, ambiguity intolerance is correlated to worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006) and depression (Enoki et al., 2019), hence could negatively predict eudaimonic wellbeing.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxiety between personality and cognition: The gray zone
Mihić, L., Čolović, P., Ignjatović, I., Smederevac, S., & Novović, Z. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.013 · Cited by 17
“Both AS and IU are related to a large number of anxiety disorders and depression (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2006; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2012; see also Naragon-Gainey, 2010, for a review).”
BackgroundAn exploration of Intolerance of Uncertainty and memory bias
Francis, K., Dugas, M. J., & Ricard, N. C. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.011 · Cited by 16
“…when associated factors such as anxiety (Buhr & Dugas, 2002), symptoms of depression (Buhr & Dugas, 2002; Dugas, Schwartz, & Francis, 2004), dysfunctional attitudes (Dugas, Schwartz, & Francis, 2004), perceived sense of control, and perfectionism are statistically controlled (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactor mixture modeling of intolerance of uncertainty.
Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000357 · Cited by 15
Perfectionism and Perceived Control in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Molnar, D. S., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00315-y · Cited by 15
“Research has demonstrated that socially prescribed perfectionism is associated with a lack of interpersonal control (Flett et al. 1995), general perceptions of a lack of perceived control (Buhr and Dugas 2006), and low self-control (Tangney et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialCultivating ambiguity tolerance through mindfulness: An induction randomized controlled trial
Spinelli, C., Ibrahim, M., & Khoury, B. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02597-4 · Cited by 22
“…negative mood at work (Hwang & Choi, 2020), neuroticism (Jach & Smillie, 2019), perfectionism (Gärtner et al., 2020), lower support for diversity related work programs (Chen & Hooijberg, 2000), worry (Buhr & Dugas, 2006), and written and oral communication apprehension (Arquero et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCoping With Students’ Stress and Burnout: Learners’ Ambiguity of Tolerance
Xu, J., & Ba, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842113 · Cited by 21
“Unluckily, people who do not tolerate ambiguity are intolerant of numerous circumstances, as some ambiguities happen in their daily lives and the inclination to respond reconstructively to ambiguity can result in increased stress (Buhr and Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundAucoin, M., Cooley, K., Anand, L., Furtado, M., Canzonieri, A. M., Fine, A., Fotinos, K., Chandrasena, R. D., Klassen, L. J., Epstein, I., et al. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.011 · Cited by 15
Cognitive behavior therapy and worry reduction in an outpatient with generalized anxiety disorder
Khodarahimi, S., & Pole, N. (2010) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650109351306 · Cited by 14
Radoman, M., & Gorka, S. M. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.003 · Cited by 15
Gorka, S. M., Phan, K. L., Hosseini, B., Chen, E. Y., & McCloskey, M. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618776947 · Cited by 18
“Individuals high in IU are known to display exaggerated threat reactivity (e.g., Jackson et al., 2016; Nelson, Liu, Sarapas, & Shankman, 2016) and maladaptive coping responses during times of distress and uncertainty (Buhr & Dugas, 2006).”
BackgroundFactorial validity and measurement invariance of the uncertainty response scale
Casanova, M. L., Pacheco, L. S., Costa, P., Lawthom, R., & Coimbra, J. L. (2019) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-019-0135-2 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dugas, Michel J.
- ORCID
- Dugas, Michel J.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 222-236
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978488323
- Semantic Scholar
- 1284dc569568791a0bb63d5c8f0f64bf36c254ff
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, worry, construct validity, intolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism, perceived control, university students, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Culture, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Uncertainty
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