Cited by 964Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

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Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

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Pietrzak, Robert H., Goldstein, Risë B., Southwick, Steven M., Grant, Bridget F.·2011·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010PMC PMC3051041

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Abstract

The present study used data from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 34,653) to examine lifetime Axis I psychiatric comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Lifetime prevalences ± standard errors of PTSD and partial PTSD were 6.4% ± 0.18 and 6.6% ± 0.18, respectively. Rates of PTSD and partial PTSD were higher among women (8.6% ± 0.26 and 8.6% ± 0.26) than men (4.1% ± 0.19 and 4.5% ± 0.21). Respondents with both PTSD and partial PTSD most commonly reported unexpected death of someone close, serious illness or injury to someone close, and sexual assault as their worst stressful experiences. PTSD and partial PTSD were associated with elevated lifetime rates of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and suicide attempts. Respondents with partial PTSD generally had intermediate odds of comorbid Axis I disorders and psychosocial impairment relative to trauma controls and full PTSD.

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Rats Lacking Dopamine Transporter Display Increased Vulnerability and Aberrant Autonomic Response to Acute Stress
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Exploring mood symptoms overlap in PTSD diagnosis: ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria compared in a sample of subjects with Bipolar Disorder
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Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in pregnant women with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression
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“The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the general population is estimated to be between 6 and 8 % (Kessler et al. 1995, 2005; Pietrzak et al. 2011).”
Background
Applying behavior change theory to technology promoting veteran mental health care seeking.
Whealin, J. M., Kuhn, E., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0037232 · Cited by 20
“For example, among a nationally representative sample of veterans from all war eras (Pietrzak et al., 2011), the majority (68%) of those who screened positive for a mental Julia M.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Diagnostic Prevalence of Common Psychiatric Comorbidities of Alcohol Use Disorders in India: a Systematic Review
Hendrickson, R. C., Nishanth, J. H., & Michael, S. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9951-3 · Cited by 20
“…alcohol abuse or dependence, it can be calculated that of those with alcohol abuse or dependence at the time of the second assessment, 9.9% met criteria for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD, while only 7.6% of those without alcohol abuse or dependence met such criteria for PTSD (Pietrzak et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Proof-of-Mechanism Study to Test Effects of the NMDA Receptor Antagonist Lanicemine on Behavioral Sensitization in Individuals With Symptoms of PTSD
Lijffijt, M., Green, C. E., Balderston, N. L., Iqbal, T., Atkinson, M. E., Vo‐Le, B., Vo-Le, B., O’Brien, B., Grillon, C., Swann, A. C., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00846 · Cited by 21
Effects of COMT rs4680 and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms on brain degree centrality in Han Chinese adults who lost their only child
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The infralimbic cortex and mGlu5 mediate the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure on fear learning and memory
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A Rapid Review Exploring the Role of Yoga in Healing Psychological Trauma
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“For example, trauma is associated with PTSD and other mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders [2].”
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Happiness, Meaning in Life, and PTSD Symptoms Among National Guard Personnel: A Multilevel Analysis
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Longitudinal Associations Among Negative Cognitions and Depressive and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Women Recently Exposed to Stalking
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Positioning Psychiatry as a Leader in Trauma-Informed Care (TIC): the Need for Psychiatry Resident Education
Kosman, K. A., & Levy‐Carrick, N. C. (2019) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-019-01020-2 · Cited by 19
Moderating Effects of BDNF Genetic Variants and Smoking on Cognition in PTSD Veterans
Erjavec, G. N., Perković, M. N., Tudor, L., Uzun, S., Petrović, Z. K., Konjevod, M., Šagud, M., Kozumplik, O., Štrac, D. Š., Peraica, T., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11050641 · Cited by 19
“PTSD [102], as well as smoking [103] prevalence, differed among different age groups.”
Background
Network analysis on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric co-morbidity and posttraumatic growth among Chinese adolescents
Wang, N., Chung, M. C., Zhang, J., & Fang, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.148 · Cited by 19
The burden of psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among adults with congenital heart disease: PTSD in ACHD
Harrison, D. J., Kay, J. D., Jacobsen, R. M., Londono-Obregon, C., Yeung, E., Kelly, S. L., Poteet, A., Levek, C., Landzberg, M. J., Wallrich, M., et al. (2024) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.03.007 · Cited by 19
Types of childhood maltreatment as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder severity and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with substance use disorders
Lortye, S. A., Will, J. P., Rameckers, S. A., Marquenie, L. A., Goudriaan, A. E., Arntz, A. R., & de Waal, M. M. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2367179 · Cited by 21
“Since CM is more prevalent in a population with SUD compared to the general population (Gerhardt et al., 2022), and 46% of the patients with PTSD also suffer from SUD (Pietrzak et al., 2011), it is important to examine the effect of CM in a population with both PTSD and SUD.”
Background
Social support and (complex) posttraumatic stress symptom severity: does gender matter?
Fares‐Otero, N. E., Sharp, T. H., Karthikeyan, S., Balle, S. R., Quaatz, S. M., Vieta, E., Åhs, F., Allgaier, A., Arévalo, A., Bachem, R., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2398921 · Cited by 22
“Females with PTSD have been found to show higher rates of comorbid anxiety disorders compared to males in a US representative sample (Pietrzak et al., 2011).”
Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health
Oram, S., & Howard, L. M. (2013) · Key issues in mental health (Online)/Key issues in mental health (Print) · doi:10.1159/000342015 · Cited by 21
Personality and Post-traumatic Growth of Adolescents 42 Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake: A Mediated Model
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“Moran et al. (2013) proposed that the acquisition of PTG involves the use of adaptive coping skills in the face of trauma: in other words, adaptive coping skills such as positive appraisal facilitates PTG (Prati and Pietrantoni, 2009; Pietrzak et al., 2011).”
Background
Dissociative symptomatology mediates the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder severity and alcohol‐related problems
Patel, H., O’Connor, C., Andrews, K., Amlung, M. T., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14764 · Cited by 19
“These findings are also clinically relevant given that PTSD and alcohol use are highly comorbid and alcohol use among individuals with PTSD has been linked to greater PTSD severity and reduced treatment response (Kilpatrick et al., 2003; Pietrzak et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Posttraumatic stress disorder: An integrated overview of the neurobiological rationale for pharmacology.
Kelmendi, B., Adams, T. G., Southwick, S. M., Abdallah, C. G., & Krystal, J. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12202 · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Buprenorphine: prospective novel therapy for depression and PTSD
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Comparing psychosocial functioning, suicide risk, and nonsuicidal self-injury between veterans with probable posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder
Blakey, S. M., Griffin, S. C., Grove, J. L., Peter, S. C., Levi, R. D., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Beckham, J. C., Pugh, M. J., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.006 · Cited by 23
Enhancing Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD using physiological biomarker-driven technology
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The Impact of Victim Blaming and Locus of Control on Mental Health Outcomes Among Female Sexual Assault Survivors
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“This finding is inconsistent with existing research that has demonstrated high rates of comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders (Pietrzak et al., 2011).”
Result
Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD
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Clinician Concerns About Cognitive Processing Therapy: A Review of the Evidence
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Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder in low- and middle-income countries: A narrative review
Kaysen, D. L., van Stolk‐Cooke, K., Kaminer, D., Greene, M. C., López‐Castro, T., & Kane, J. C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.63 · Cited by 18
“Due to strong, consistent associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), their co-occurrence (PTSD þ AUD) has been a topic of extensive study (Pietrzak et al., 2011; Smith and Cottler, 2018).”
Background
Behind the Screen: A Narrative Review on the Translational Capacity of Passive Sensing for Mental Health Assessment
Bryan, A. C., Heinz, M. V., Salzhauer, A. J., Price, G. D., Tlachac, M., & Jacobson, N. C. (2024) · Biomedical Materials & Devices · doi:10.1007/s44174-023-00150-4 · Cited by 21
“PTSD, the most well-known of the aforementioned trauma and stressor-related disorders, has a lifetime prevalence of 8.3% in the general population [161], with substantially higher rates in United States military veterans [162, 163].”
Influential
Anticonvulsant Medication Use in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Shiner, B. R., Westgate, C. L., Bernardy, N. C., Schnurr, P. P., & Watts, B. V. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.16m11031 · Cited by 19
“Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists 2009 Apr-Jun;21(2):89–94.”
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Associations among impulsivity, trauma history, and alcohol misuse within a young adult sample
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“Pietrzak et al., 2011; Pine and Cohen, 2002).”
Background
Posstraumatic stress disorder in nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic
Blanco-Daza, M., de la Vieja-Soriano, M., Macip-Belmonte, S., & Tercero-Cano, M. C. (2022) · Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.10.006 · Cited by 17
Sex differences in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms expression using item response theory: A population-based study
Rivollier, F., Peyre, H., Hoertel, N., Blanco, C., Limosin, F., & Delorme, R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.047 · Cited by 17
“…studies in general population samples have generally found that the prevalence of PTSD is higher in women than in men (Kessler et al., 1995; Pietrzak et al., 2011), leading several authors to hypothesize that sex may influence PTSD symptom expression (Carmassi et al., 2014; McLean et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Selective dopamine D3receptor antagonism significantly attenuates stress‐induced immobility in a rat model of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Rice, O. V., Ashby, C. R., Dixon, C., Laurenzo, W., Hayden, J., Song, R., Li, J., Tiwari, A. K., & Gardner, E. L. (2018) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.22035 · Cited by 17
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Outcomes Six Months After Receiving a PTSD Diagnosis in Veterans Health Administration
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Trauma exposure and PTSD among men entering jail: A comparative study with the general population
Fovet, T., Wathelet, M., Amad, A., Horn, M., Belet, B., Benradia, I., Roelandt, J.-L., Thomas, P., Vaïva, G., & D’Hondt, F. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.014 · Cited by 18
Understanding the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress severity and coronary artery disease using genome-wide information and electronic health records
Polimanti, R. A., Wendt, F. R., Pathak, G. A., Tylee, D. S., Tcheandjieu, C., Hilliard, A. T., Levey, D. F., Adhikari, K., Gaziano, J. M., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01735-z · Cited by 17
“Indeed, PTSD cases are often accompanied by other mental illnesses including major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders [74].”
Background
Within-treatment clinical markers of dropout risk in integrated treatments for comorbid PTSD and alcohol use disorder
Kline, A. C., Panza, K. E., Harlé, K. M., Angkaw, A. C., Trim, R. S., Back, S. E., & Norman, S. B. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108592 · Cited by 17
Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms among former prisoners of wars’ adult offspring
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Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mediates fear behavior in mice
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Psychiatric comorbidities in older adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review
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Authors: Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Pietrzak, Robert H.
ORCID: Pietrzak, Robert H.
Goldstein, Risë B.
Southwick, Steven M.
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 25
Issue: 3
Pages: 456-465
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010
PMC: PMC3051041
OpenAlex: W1969551391
Cited by: 963
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 24.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, Axis I disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, suicide attempts, sex differences, trauma exposure, sexual assault, unexpected death, psychosocial impairment, NESARC
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders

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Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

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