Efficacy of imagery rescripting in treating mental disorders associated with aversive memories - an updated meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Imagery rescripting (ImRs) is frequently applied to treat different psychological complaints. We conducted an updated meta-analysis based on randomised controlled trials on the efficacy of ImRs for mental disorders associated with aversive memories. Medline, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched up to May 2023. Seventeen trials were included with a total of 908 participants (417 in the ImRs condition), suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, or eating disorders. Random effect models yielded an overall effect of g = 0.68 (95 % CI 0.18 to 1.18; k = 7) compared to passive controls (mostly waitlist). The effect compared to (prolonged) exposure, cognitive restructuring, and EMDR was non-significant (g = -0.01; 95 % CI -0.18 to 0.15; k = 11). Follow-up assessments indicated a long-term treatment effect. Results suggest that ImRs can effectively treat a variety of psychological disorders and produce similar treatment effects as evidence-based interventions. Limitations include the bounded number of included trials for each mental disorder. The meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020220696) and received no funding.
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Imagery rescripting is a highly effective evidence-based stand-alone trauma processing technique for post-traumatic stress disorder and a range of other disorders.
“ImRs is an ST technique that is a highly effective evidence-based stand-alone trauma processing technique for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a range of other disorders (1–5).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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Mechanisms of therapeutic change after psychedelic treatment in OCD
Maloney, G. K., Ching, T. H. W., Kichuk, S. A., Pittenger, C., & Kelmendi, B. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115907 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stavropoulos, L., Sabel, I., Cooper, D. D. J., Newby, J. M., & Grisham, J. R. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104915 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental Imagery of the Self in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Mixed‐Methods Systematic Review
Hill, S., Hotton, M., Wallace, M., Veale, D. M., & Lau‐Zhu, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70229 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ocisková, M., Praško, J. P., Kantor, K., Vaněk, J., Nesnídal, V., & Bělohradová, K. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s476768 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Kühne, F., Hobrecker, L. K., Fink‐Lamotte, J., Meissner, C., Zirngibl, A., & Weck, F. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10597-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Son, B., Kim, D., Lee, H., Min, J. Y., & Hong, J. (2024) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2023.0520 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Farina, B., Dimaggio, G., & Mosquera, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23773 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Freund, I. M., Peters, J., van Emmerik, A., Kindt, M., & Visser, R. M. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104783 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tenore, K., Granziol, U., Luppino, O. I., Mancini, F., & Mancini, A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05815-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Imagery rescripting for social anxiety disorder via internet videoconferencing: An open trial
Winter, H. R., Norton, A. R., & Wootton, B. M. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104914 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lechner‐Meichsner, F., Hagenaars, M. A., & Boelen, P. A. (2026) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2026.2627189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pan, D., Hoid, D., Wolf, O. T., Merz, C. J., & Li, X. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01051-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schlünzen, J., Kulla, P., & Kruse, J. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087241311075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schema-informed CBT for anorexia nervosa: a case series for patients with chronic unmet need
Allen, K. L., Brown, Y., Elwyn, R., Glennon, D., Holland, L., Safadi, J., & Startup, H. M. (2025) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x25100196 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Borlimi, R., Brianzoni, I., Riboli, G., Nese, M., Brighetti, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nuances in the memory undermining effects of EMDR and imagery rescripting
Otgaar, H., & Houben, S. T. L. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect of Imagery Rescripting on State Emotion Regulation: An Experimental Paradigm
Berman, N. C., Reuman, L., & Fang, A. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10713-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Endhoven, B., Landkroon, E., Planjer, S. T., Meyerbröker, K., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2026.102124 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pugliese, E., Uvelli, A., van Emmerik, A., & Arntz, A. R. (2026) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.22027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Imagery Rescripting Therapy for Mental Images About Ritual Abuse During Childhood - A Case Study
Kullberg, M. J., Verkuil, B., Huntjens, R. J. C., & Schoorl, M. (2025) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501251351976
Hengst, S. M. C., Nijdam, M. J., Gasser, R., & Smid, G. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1548387
vafazadeh, M., Bakhshani, N., & Ghiasi, Z. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70046
Ferguson, E. M., Cooper, D. D. J., & Grisham, J. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104903
Twardawski, M., & Syuleyman, G. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104916
Imagery rescripting: New developments special issue editorial
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Imaginative Techniques in Psychopathology: A Narrative Review
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Imagery Rescripting induced transient forgetting of negative autobiographical memories
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Kim, D., Ryu, S., Min, J. Y., Lee, H., & Kim, E. (2026) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2025.0167
Imagery rescripting for somatic flashbacks in post-traumatic stress disorder: a feasibility study
Campbell, J., Ottisova, L., Young, K., & Brady, F. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100610
Berman, N. C. (2026) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2026.05.004
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Grabherr, L., Ferreiro, D., Noci, C. D., Suter, M. R., Horsch, A., & Berna, C. (2026) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004009
Imagery rescripting for generalized anxiety disorder: A case series
Stavropoulos, L., Phipps, A. B., Sabel, I., Cooper, D. D. J., Briggs, N., Newby, J. M., & Grisham, J. R. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70073
Imagery Rescripting for Children and Young People
Pile, V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00069-x
Sorka, H., Barzilay, S., Zlotnick, E., Sofer, B., Ginat‐Frolich, R., Arnon-Rips, H., Wild, J., Moscovitch, D. A., & Huppert, J. D. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10764-9
Imagery in affective and neurodevelopmental conditions: an insula-based interoceptive framework
Kvamme, T. L., Nagai, Y., & Silvanto, J. (2026) · Trends Open · doi:10.1016/j.treopn.2026.06.003
Sabel, I., Phipps, A. B., Stavropoulos, L., & Grisham, J. R. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105115
Saint-Jammes, J. T. (2026) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.34133/jemdr.0048
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Renner, F. (2026) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72268-8_26
Pugliese, E., Uvelli, A., Barbaro, M. G. F., Papa, C., Visco‐Comandini, F., Mancini, F., & van Emmerik, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70339
Josse, É. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100764
Akutsu, M., Yoshida, T., Takanashi, R., Hattori, Y., Shiko, Y., & Shimizu, E. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.033
Koomen, L. E. M., Deen, M. L., Rameckers, S. A., Lee, C. W., Faßbinder, E., Rijkeboer, M. M., de Haan, K. B., & Arntz, A. R. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70129
- Authors
- Kip, A., Schoppe, L., Arntz, A., & Morina, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kip, Ahlke
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-10
- Volume
- 99
- Pages
- 102772
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386484701
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2025-10-01)
- Open access
- green
- handle.uba.uva.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- imagery rescripting, aversive memory, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, prolonged exposure, cognitive restructuring, EMDR, treatment efficacy, long-term treatment outcomes
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