Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: a review of the literature

Stander, Valerie A.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Highfill-McRoy, Robyn M.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002

Cited by 271Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: a review of the literature

Stander, Valerie A., Thomsen, Cynthia J., Highfill-McRoy, Robyn M.·2014·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002

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Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder is often diagnosed with other mental health problems, particularly depression. Although PTSD comorbidity has been associated with more severe and chronic symptomology, relationships among commonly co-occurring disorders are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to review the literature regarding the development of depression comorbid with combat-related PTSD among military personnel. We summarize results of commonly tested hypotheses about the etiology of PTSD and depression comorbidity, including (1) causal hypotheses, (2) common factor hypotheses, and (3) potential confounds. Evidence suggests that PTSD may be a causal risk factor for subsequent depression; however, associations are likely complex, involving bidirectional causality, common risk factors, and common vulnerabilities. The unique nature of PTSD-depression comorbidity in the context of military deployment and combat exposure is emphasized. Implications of our results for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

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Depression commonly co-occurs with PTSD and is typically identified as an important outcome in clinical trials treating these disorders.
“Because depression commonly co-occurs with PTSD, and is typically identified as an important outcome in clinical trials treating these disorders (see Stander et al., 2014, for review)”
From Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Stander et al., 2014

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“In particular, there have been very few evaluations of the relative impact on military personnel of multiple types of trauma, including childhood abuse, sexual trauma, and other civilian trauma as well as general life stress (Arbisi et al., 2012; Black et al., 2011; Gilbertson et al., 2002; Goodwin et al., 2012; Houra…”
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Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations
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Genome-wide Association Studies of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 2 Cohorts of US Army Soldiers
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GABAergic Control of Depression-Related Brain States
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Induction and Expression of Fear Sensitization Caused by Acute Traumatic Stress
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Symptom structure of PTSD and co-morbid depressive symptoms – a network analysis of combat veteran patients
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Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial
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The Comorbidity of PTSD and MDD: Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
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PTSD in prison settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbid mental disorders and problematic behaviours
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Why do imagery and perception look and feel so different?
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Posttraumatic stress disorder, alone or additively with early life adversity, is associated with obesity and cardiometabolic risk
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Mindfulness and Psychological Health Outcomes: a Latent Profile Analysis Among Military Personnel and College Students
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0771-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Genetic evidence suggests posttraumatic stress disorder as a subtype of major depressive disorder
Zhang, F., Rao, S., Cao, H., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Xu, Y., Sun, J., Wang, C., Chen, J., Xu, X., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci145942 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Primary Prevention of PTSD in Firefighters: Preliminary Results of an RCT with 12-Month Follow-Up
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The Development of a Brief Version of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI-9)
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Brain‐derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress
Dretsch, M. N., Williams, K., Emmerich, T., Crynen, G. C., Ait‐Ghezala, G., Chaytow, H., Mathura, V. S., Crawford, F., & Iverson, G. L. (2015) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.392 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in patterns of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms: Latent profile analyses
Contractor, A. A., Roley‐Roberts, M. E., Lagdon, S., & Armour, C. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.029 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Koncz, P., Demetrovics, Z., Takács, Z. K., Griffiths, M. D., Nagy, T., & Király, O. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102343 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Joyal, M., Wensing, T., Levasseur‐Moreau, J., Leblond, J., Sack, A. T., & Fecteau, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214998 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Identifying latent profiles of posttraumatic stress and major depression symptoms in Canadian veterans: Exploring differences across profiles in health related functioning
Armour, C., Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Stringer, M., Lyle, G., Forbes, D., & Richardson, J. D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.011 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Efficacy of imagery rescripting in treating mental disorders associated with aversive memories - an updated meta-analysis
Kip, A., Schoppe, L., Arntz, A., & Morina, N. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102772 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms and suicide risk among graduate students: The mediating influence of emotional regulatory self-efficacy
Zeng, B., Zhao, J., Zou, L., Yang, X., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Zhao, J., & Chen, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Expressive flexibility in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
Rodin, R. A., Bonanno, G. A., Rahman, N., Kouri, N. A., Bryant, R. A., Marmar, C. R., & Brown, A. D. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.027 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Genetic evidence suggests posttraumatic stress disorder as a subtype of major depressive disorder
Zhang, F., Rao, S., Cao, H., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Xu, Y. J., Sun, J., Wang, C., Chen, J., Xu, X., et al. (2022) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
COMBINED MIRTAZAPINE AND SSRI TREATMENT OF PTSD: A PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL
Schneier, F. R., Campeas, R. B., Carcamo, J., Glass, A., Lewis‐Fernández, R., Neria, Y., Sánchez-Lacay, A., Vermes, D., & Wall, M. M. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22384 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The relationship between meaning in life and post-traumatic stress symptoms in US military personnel: A meta-analysis.
Fischer, I. C., Shanahan, M. L., Hirsh, A., Stewart, J. C., & Rand, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.063 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-stigma in PTSD: Prevalence and correlates
Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Yanos, P. T., Siegel, A., Leonhardt, B. L., James, A. V., Brustuen, B., Luedtke, B. L., & Davis, L. W. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Authors: Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., & Highfill-McRoy, R. M.
Affiliations: Naval Health Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Stander, Valerie A.
ORCID: Stander, Valerie A.
Thomsen, Cynthia J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 87-98
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002
OpenAlex: W2015000636
Cited by: 271
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, comorbidities, combat exposure, military personnel, etiology, bidirectional causality, shared risk factors, military deployment
MeSH terms: Combat Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Military Personnel, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans

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Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: a review of the literature

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