The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis
Abstract
The classical literature on neurocardiology has focused mainly on the subcortical regions of the central autonomic nervous system. However, recent studies have supported the notion that the cardiovascular system is regulated by cortical modulation. Modern neuroimaging data, including positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, have revealed that a network consisting of the insular cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and amygdala plays a crucial role in the regulation of central autonomic nervous system. Because the insular cortex is located in the region of the middle cerebral arteries, its structure tends to be exposed to a higher risk of cerebrovascular disease. The insular cortex damage has been associated with arrhythmia, diurnal blood pressure variation disruption (eg, a non-dipper or riser pattern), myocardial injury, and sleep disordered breathing, as well as higher plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide, catecholamine, and glucose. This review article focuses on the role of the insular cortex as a mediator for the cardiovascular system and summarizes current knowledge on the relationships between cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular system dysregulation. Finally, a hypothesis of the neural network involved in cortical cardiovascular modulation, including modulation of the insular cortex, is provided.
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Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex has been associated with genotypic variations in DRD2 and MAOA, high skin conductance reactivity, and negative emotionality/neuroticism.
“Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), for example, has been associated with genotypic variations in DRD2 (Pecina et al., 2013) and MAOA (Eisenberger et al., 2007), high skin conductance reactivity (Nagai et al., 2010), and negative emotionality/neuroticism (Haas et al., 2007).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Nagai et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Nagai, M., Hoshide, S., & Kario, K.
- Affiliations
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kario, Kazuomi
- Venue
- Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 174-182
- ISSN
- 1878-7436 (ISSN-L)
- 1933-1711
- OpenAlex
- W2036821862
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Society of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (C-2)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Associated Phenomena
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- insula, brain-heart axis, neurocardiology, central autonomic nervous system, cerebrovascular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure variability, sleep-disordered breathing, brain natriuretic peptide, catecholamines, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Cerebral Cortex, Circadian Rhythm, Heart Rate, Humans, Prognosis, Baroreflex, Stroke, Cerebrum
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