A Comparison of Ultra-Brief Cognitive Defusion and Positive Affirmation Interventions on the Reduction of Public Speaking Anxiety
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A 30-min web-based cognitive defusion program for negative self-referential thinking in adolescents resulted in large reductions in the believability of, and distress associated with, self-critical thoughts (d = 0.87-1.35), but neither this study nor similar ones recorded changes in trait cognitive fusion or decentering.
“This resulted in large reductions in the believability of, and distress associated with, self-critical thoughts (d = 0.87–1.35).”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [103]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · see citing works
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006 · Cited by 2,339 · see citing works
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy.
Hayes, S. C., & Lillis, J. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/17335-000 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
The development and initial validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire
Gillanders, D. T., Bolderston, H., Bond, F. W., Dempster, M., Flaxman, P. E., Campbell, L., Kerr, S., Tansey, L., Noel, P., Ferenbach, C., et al. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.001 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity survey replication
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001699 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication
McCroskey, J. C. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315663791 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Measures of communication‐bound anxiety
McCroskey, J. C. (1970) · Speech Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637757009375677 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
The practice of behavior therapy
Rachman, S. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90103-n · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Sherman, D. A. K., Nelson, L. D., & Steele, C. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002611003 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
The Practice of Behavior Therapy.
Moss, M. G. R. (1970) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750060095013 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V
Bögels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., & Voncken, M. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20670 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia
Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00161-8 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.
Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.111 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Fiordo, R. A. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Communication · doi:10.22230/cjc.1993v18n4a782 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The practice of behavior therapy, 2nd ed.
Wolpe, J. (1973) · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013445 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
Brooks, A. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0035325 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Sackett, C. F., & Twohig, M. P. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure
Anderson, P. L., Zimand, E., Hodges, L. F., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20090 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Bodie, G. D. (2009) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520903443849 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Stein, M. B. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020087010 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self‐Affirmation: Understanding the Effects
Sherman, D. K. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12072 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Craske, M. G., Niles, A. N., Burklund, L. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Vilardaga, J. C. P., Arch, J. J., Saxbe, D. E., & Lieberman, M. D. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037212 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Assessment of social phobia: Reliability of an impromptu speech task
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Jacob, R. G., & Cooley, M. R. (1989) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(89)90009-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Allen, M. R., Hunter, J. E., & Donohue, W. A. (1989) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528909378740 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The illusion of transparency and the alleviation of speech anxiety
Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00056-8 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Fear of Public Speaking: Perception of College Students and Correlates
Marinho, A. C. F., de Medeiros, A. M., Gama, A. C. C., & Teixeira, L. C. (2016) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis
FURMARK, T., TILLFORS, M., STATTIN, H., EKSELIUS, L., & FREDRIKSON, M. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002615 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Titchener, E. B. (1923) · MacMillan Co eBooks · doi:10.1037/11238-000 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Speech disturbances and gaze behavior during public speaking in subtypes of social phobia
Hofmann, S. G., Gerlach, A. L., Wender, A., & Roth, W. T. (1997) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00040-6 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Using Brief Cognitive Restructuring and Cognitive Defusion Techniques to Cope With Negative Thoughts
Larsson, A., Hooper, N., Osborne, L. A., Bennett, P., & McHugh, L. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515621488 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationMasuda, A., Twohig, M. P., Stormo, A. R., Feinstein, A. B., Chou, Y.-Y., & Wendell, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.08.006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social phobia in Swedish university students: prevalence, subgroups and avoidant behavior
Tillfors, M., & Furmark, T. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0143-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Emotional variability and sustained arousal during exposure
Culver, N. C., Stoyanova, M., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.009 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Comparing thought suppression and acceptance as coping techniques for food cravings
Hooper, N., Sandoz, E. K., Ashton, J., Clarke, A., & McHugh, L. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.10.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMasuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Twohig, M. P., Drossel, C., Lillis, J., & Washio, Y. (2009) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445508326259 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cognitive defusion in acceptance and commitment therapy: What are the basic processes of change?
Assaz, D. A., Roche, B., Kanter, J. W., & Oshiro, C. K. B. (2018) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-017-0254-z · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationDeacon, B. J., Fawzy, T. I., Lickel, J. J., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.3.218 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Coping with speech anxiety: The power of positive thinking
Ayres, J. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378730 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The relationship of self-talk frequency to communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety
Shi, X., Brinthaupt, T. M., & McCree, M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.023 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Acceptance-based exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety
England, E. L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Rabin, S. J., Juarascio, A., & Goldstein, S. P. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.07.001 · Cited by 64 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…UK 2 Department of Psychology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK 3 Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland 4 Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (England et al., 2012; see also Gallego, McHugh, Villatte, & Lappalainen, 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAcceptance or change: Treating socially anxious college students with ACT or CBGT.
Block, J. A., & Wulfert, E. (2000) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0099879 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gallego, A., McHugh, L., Villatte, M., & Lappalainen, R. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.04.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Barrera, T. L., Szafranski, D. D., Ratcliff, C. G., Garnaat, S. L., & Norton, P. J. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465814000630 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mörtberg, E., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Pettersson, A., & Hennlid-Oredsson, T. (2018) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0022-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Glassman, L. H., Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Bradley, L. E., Foster, E. E., Izzetoglu, M., & Ruocco, A. C. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516629939 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cognitive Defusion Versus Thought Distraction in the Mitigation of Learned Helplessness
Hooper, N., & McHugh, L. (2013) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.11133/j.tpr.2013.63.1.016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRe-Thinking Anxiety: Using Inoculation Messages to Reduce and Reinterpret Public Speaking Fears
Jackson, B., Compton, J., Thornton, A., & Dimmock, J. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169972 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Issues in the assessment of social phobia: a review.
Letamendi, A. M., Chavira, D. A., & Stein, M. B. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comparing thought suppression and mindfulness as coping techniques for spider fear
Hooper, N., Davies, N., Davies, L., & McHugh, L. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder.
Mesri, B., Niles, A. N., Pittig, A., LeBeau, R. T., Haik, E., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.010 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This would provide a more optimal behavioral measure of the utility or efficacy of the intervention and could be assessed using video recording and blind raters (e.g., Levin, Haeger, & Smith, 2017; Mesri et al., 2017).”
MethodAn Experimental Investigation of Cognitive Defusion
Pilecki, B. C., & McKay, D. (2012) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395784 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The initial validation of a state version of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire
Bolderston, H., Gillanders, D. T., Turner, G., Taylor, H. C., Ní Mhaoileoin, D., & Coleman, A. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.04.002 · Cited by 26 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…researchers may wish to administer either the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ; Gillanders et al., 2014) or the more recently developed State Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (SCFQ; Bolderston et al., 2019), to assess possible changes in cognitive fusion before and after such an intervention.”
BackgroundInfluentialBeatty, M. J. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378731 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J., & Smith, G. S. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9583-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Price, M. S., & Anderson, P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exposure reduces negative bias in self-rated performance in public speaking fearful participants
Cheng, J. M., Niles, A. N., & Craske, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tyndall, I., Papworth, R., Roche, B., & Bennett, M. (2017) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-017-0227-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidental Emotion Regulation Deficits in Public Speaking Anxiety
Niles, A. N., & Craske, M. G. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9954-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Furer (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)6:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Blackledge, J. T. (2015). Cognitive defusion in practice: A clinician's guide to assessing, observing & supporting change in your client. Oakland, CA: Context Press.
- McNeil, D. W., Ries, B. J., & Turk, C. L. (1995). Behavioral assessment: Self-report, physiology, and overt behaviour. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bennett, M. P., Knight, R., Patel, S., So, T., Dunning, D., Barnhofer, T., Smith, P., Kuyken, W., Ford, T., & Dalgleish, T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01397-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brandrick, C., Hooper, N., Roche, B., Kanter, J., & Tyndall, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Chichester (GB)
- University of the West of England (GB)
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tyndall, Ian
- Venue
- The Psychological Record
- Published
- 2020-10-06
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-117
- ISSN
- 0033-2933 (ISSN-L)
- 2163-3452
- OpenAlex
- W3092016952
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Psychological Record (publishedVersion)
- ChiPrints (University of Chichester) (acceptedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- public speaking anxiety, cognitive defusion, anxiety reduction, impromptu speaking, subclinical anxiety, brief psychological intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
