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Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens
Open accessAbstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the historic economic shutdown and stay-at-home efforts to slow its spread have radically impacted the lives of families across the world, completely disrupting routines and challenging them to adjust to new health risks as well as to new work and family demands. The current study applied a contextual behavioral science lens to the spillover hypothesis of Family Systems Theory to develop a multi-stage mechanistic model for how COVID-19 stress could impact family and child functioning and how parents' psychological flexibility could shape those processes.Methods A total of 742 coparents (71% female; 84% Caucasian, 85% married, M = 41 years old) of children (ages 5-18, M = 9.4 years old, 50% male) completed an online survey from March 27th to the end of April 2020.Results Path analyses highlighted robust links from parent inflexibility to all components of the model, predicting: greater COVID-19 stress, greater coparenting discord and family discord, greater caustic parenting, and greater parent and child distress. Parent flexibility was associated with greater family cohesion, lower family discord and greater use of constructive parenting strategies (inductive, democratic/autonomy supportive, positive). Results further suggested that COVID-19 stressors predicted greater family and coparent discord, which in turn predicted greater use of caustic parenting (reactive, inconsistent, aggressive), which in turn predicted greater child and parent distress.Conclusions The current results highlight parental flexibility and inflexibility as key points of intervention for helping families navigate the current global health crisis, highlighting the crucial role they play in the lives of families.
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“During the pandemic PF has also been found to moderate the relationships between social isolation and depression and anxiety (Smith et al., 2020), COVID-19 risk factors and mental health difficulties (Pakenham et al., 2020), COVID-19 stressors and suicide risk (Crasta et al., 2020) and psychological distress within family systems (Daks et al., 2020).”
From Behind the masks: A cross-sectional study on intolerance of uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease and psychological flexibility in relation to state anxiety and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Daks et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“and a moderating role between the psychological impacts of COVID-19 and mental health outcomes and wellbeing (Chong et al., 2021; Crasta et al., 2020; Daks et al., 2020; Pakenham et al., 2020; Smith et al., 2020).”
From Behind the masks: A cross-sectional study on intolerance of uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease and psychological flexibility in relation to state anxiety and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Daks et al., 2020
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“As stated, caregivers with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress are at higher risk of negative consequences due to COVID-19 and the quarantine (Brooks et al., 2020, Brown et al., 2020, Daks et al., 2020).”
From Brief Transdiagnostic Intervention for Parents With Emotional Disorder Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Example (2021) · cites this paper as Daks et al., 2020
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“Some of these identify psychological flexibility, or the ability to act with openness, awareness, and engagement (Hayes et al., 2006) as an important target in the treatment and recovery of those adversely affected”
From Health, well-being, and persisting symptoms in the pandemic: What is the role of psychological flexibility? (2022) · cites this paper as Daks et al., 2020
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Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
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“More specifically, ACT-based interventions have been shown to reduce parental distress among parents of children with autism (Blackledge & Hayes, 2006), to reduce both the use of lax parenting and child behavior problems in families with children with cerebral palsy (Whittingham, Sanders, McKinlay,…”
THE McMASTER FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE*
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Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health
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“These links are consistent with studies that have shown how extremely difficult situations can strain family functioning (e.g., Allen et al., 2000; Pedersen & Revenson, 2005), which in turn impacts parenting behaviors (e.g., Krishnakumar & Buehler, 2000), which is ultimately linked to individual…”
Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study
Kucharski, A. J., Russell, T., Diamond, C., Liu, Y., Edmunds, J., Funk, S., Eggo, R. M., Sun, F., Jit, M., Munday, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30144-4 · Cited by 2,699
Economic Stress, Coercive Family Process, and Developmental Problems of Adolescents
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Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition
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Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718 · Cited by 372
Spiritual Well-Being and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Coppola, I., Rania, N., Parisi, R., & Lagomarsino, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626944 · Cited by 225
“Furthermore, even though families faced numerous stresses during the lockdown (92, 93) they still reported a perception of greater mental health than singles who had to go through this period alone, in quarantine at home, inevitably perceiving less material and emotional support.”
BackgroundMcCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., & Brocki, K. C. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.11.003 · Cited by 146
Cassinat, J. R., Whiteman, S. D., Serang, S., Dotterer, A. M., Mustillo, S. A., Maggs, J. L., & Kelly, B. C. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001217 · Cited by 146
Family resilience and psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed methods study.
Eales, L., Ferguson, G. M., Gillespie, S., Smoyer, S., & Carlson, S. M. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001221 · Cited by 154
Metadata
- Authors
- Daks, J. S., Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Daemen College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daks, Jennifer S.
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 18
- Pages
- 16-27
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7428754
- OpenAlex
- W3048447575
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 13.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-07-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, COVID-19 pandemic, family systems theory, spillover hypothesis, family conflict, family cohesion, child distress, parental distress, contextual behavioral science, family resilience
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