The impact of psychological flexibility on family dynamics amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal perspective
Open accessAbstract
Background Health risks associated with contracting COVID-19, stay-at-home orders, and pandemic-related economic and social hardships created unique challenges for individuals throughout the pandemic, and in particular for families whose daily routines were disrupted at the start of the pandemic. This study applied a contextual behavioral science lens to Family Systems Theory to examine the impact of COVID-19 stressors on family and individual functioning. Methods A sample of 742 coparents (86% married/engaged; 84% Caucasian; 71% female; M = 40.7 years old, SD = 8.1; M income = $82,435, SD income = $27,604) of school-aged children (5-18 years old) completed a baseline survey from late March to late April 2020. Of the initial sample, 556 coparents completed weekly diaries for 8 weeks. Results Mediation models were tested within a multilevel path modeling framework to evaluate both the stable, between-family differences (i.e., at level 2) and the within-family changes from week to week (i.e., at level 1). Across both levels of the model, parent psychological inflexibility was robustly linked to poorer functioning across all levels of the family system, showing direct links to a majority of the processes assessed. The results further supported a top-down spillover cascade in which parent inflexibility was proximally linked to greater COVID-19 related stress and parent depressive symptoms, which were proximally linked to poorer romantic functioning (greater negative conflict, lower satisfaction), which were proximally linked to poorer family functioning (greater coparent discord and family chaos), which were proximally linked to poorer parenting (greater angry/reactive parenting), which was proximally linked to greater child distress. Multi-group models suggested that the results were largely stable across (1) parent race (white vs non-white), (2) family size (1 child vs 2 or more), (3) child age (less than 10 years old vs 10 or older), (4) parent age (under 40 vs. 40 or older), (5) perceived COVID-19 risk, (6) parent gender (mothers vs fathers), (7) household income groups (less than $100k vs $100k or more), and (8) perceived economic stress/uncertainty (low vs high). However, a handful of moderated effects emerged from those multi-group models suggesting that fathers might be slightly more prone to negative spillover effects across the family systems and that wealthier families might have experienced the stress of new demands (e.g., homeschooling, remote working) as more disruptive. Conclusions Results highlight the crucial role parental psychological flexibility and inflexibility play in families managing the stress of COVID-19, as well as key mechanisms for how those stressors may either reverberate or become dampened throughout the family system.
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The Unified Model of Mindfulness and Flexibility proposes that mindfulness levels act as the central mechanism for reducing psychological inflexibility, thus promoting well-being.
“Specifically, the Unified Model of Mindfulness and Flexibility (UFM) proposes that mindfulness levels act as the central mechanism for reducing psychological inflexibility, thus promoting well-being ([38, 52].”
From Psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress in Peruvian parents with school age children. (2026) · cites this paper as [52]
The Psychological flexibility section describes ACT as helping reduce inflexible responses and identifies components of flexibility as supporting well-being. The Discussion > Implications section links parental mindfulness and flexibility to family dynamics. Neither section presents the Unified Model of Mindfulness and Flexibility or says mindfulness levels are the central mechanism for reducing inflexibility; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“…family functioning (e.g., MacDonald et al., 2010; Wong et al., 2016), greater use of effective parenting practices (e.g., McCaffrey et al., 2017; Moreira & Canavarro, 2017), and better psychosocial outcomes for both children (e.g., Henrichs et al., 2019) and parents (e.g., Neff & Faso, 2015).”
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Better social reversal learning is associated with a more social approach across time
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“During the COVID-19 Pandemic, parental self-reported psychological flexibility predicted less child and parental stress across time 40,41 and adaptive coping with the new situation 42 .”
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Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
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“These negative emotions, reluctance, and feelings of obligation could have had spillover effects on parent–child interactions (Daks et al. 2022).”
Family Meanings in Perunggu's '33X' Music Video: The Study of Semiotic Analysis Roland Barthes
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Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
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How COVID-19 Affected Parenting in a Multi-City Sample With Low Incomes
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“One study of two-parent families throughout the U.S. found that increases in parents ’ fl exibility over a 2-month period were associated with improvements in family functioning (Daks et al., 2022).”
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- Authors
- Daks, J. S., Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- SUNY Brockport (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogge, Ronald D.
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 26
- Pages
- 97-113
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9461241
- OpenAlex
- W4295074163
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UR Research (University of Rochester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, psychological inflexibility, COVID-19 pandemic, family systems theory, contextual behavioral science, co-parenting, parenting, child distress, parental depression, family functioning, spillover effects, stay-at-home orders, homeschooling, financial stress, gender differences, racial differences, household income, moderation, school-aged children
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