The short-form headache impact test (HIT-6) was psychometrically equivalent in nine languages

Martin, Marie; Blaisdell, Bonnie; Kwong, Jackie W.; Bjorner, Jakob B.

doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.05.004

Cited by 170Migraine and Headache StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

The short-form headache impact test (HIT-6) was psychometrically equivalent in nine languages

Martin, Marie, Blaisdell, Bonnie, Kwong, Jackie W., Bjorner, Jakob B.·2004·Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.05.004

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Abstract

Background and objective This study examined the psychometric properties and equivalence of the six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) across 11 languages in 14 countries.Methods A multicenter, international cross-sectional study conducted in a primary care setting. Data obtained from 1,171 adults from 14 countries who consulted their primary care physician for headache completed the HIT-6 questionnaire and a headache survey were included in this analysis. Item-level statistics (e.g., range of response choices used by participants), item-scale statistics (e.g., item-total correlations), scale level statistics (e.g., internal consistency reliability), and tests of differential item functioning were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of all HIT-6 translations and their comparability across translations.Results Across languages, missing data were low, item-scale correlations were high, reliability was adequate, and item-level statistics were generally comparable. We found only minor differential item functioning, suggesting that the HIT-6 translations are equivalent to the U.S. English form.Conclusions Psychometric analyses indicate that most HIT-6 translations (Canadian English, French, Greek, Hungarian, UK English, Hebrew, Portuguese, German, Spanish, and Dutch) are comparable to U.S. English. Improvements may be needed in the Finnish and Slovakian translations and the appropriateness of using the HIT-6 in South Africa should be explored further.

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The HIT-6 has high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.83).
“The HIT-6 includes six items and has a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.83) (40).”
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Authors: Martin, M., Blaisdell, B., Kwong, J. W., & Bjorner, J. B.
Affiliations: GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Martin, Marie
Venue: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 57
Issue: 12
Pages: 1271-1278
ISSN: 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.05.004
OpenAlex: W1973124376
Cited by: 170
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords: Headache Impact Test, HIT-6, headache, cross-cultural adaptation, psychometric properties, differential item functioning, internal consistency, patient-reported outcome measures, translation equivalence, primary care
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Headache, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Language, Psychometrics, Quality of Life

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The short-form headache impact test (HIT-6) was psychometrically equivalent in nine languages

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